ABA-Activated SnRK2 Protein Kinase is Required for Dehydration Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis

Yoshida, Riku; Hobo, Tokunori; Ichimura, Kazuya; Mizoguchi, Tsuyoshi; Takahashi, Fumiyuki; Aronso, Jose; Ecker, Joseph R.; Shinozaki, Kazuo

doi:10.1093/pcp/pcf188

Cited by 507 publications

(538 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…There are 10 SnRK2 genes in Arabidopsis. One of these, SnRK2.6, has been characterized recently (Mustilli et al, 2002;Yoshida et al, 2002). SnRK2.6 is expressed in guard cells and in the vascular system, and SnRK2.6 mutants are affected in stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA).…”

Section: Snrkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SnRK2.6 is expressed in guard cells and in the vascular system, and SnRK2.6 mutants are affected in stomatal closure in response to abscisic acid (ABA). SnRK2.6 activity is stimulated by ABA but gene expression is not regulated by ABA (Mustilli et al, 2002;Yoshida et al, 2002). Other SnRK2s include PKABA1 from wheat (Triticum aestivum; Anderberg and Walker-Simmons, 1992) and REK from rice (Hotta et al, 1998).…”

Section: Snrkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK Superfamily of Protein Kinases

Hrabak

Chan²,

Gribskov³

et al. 2003

Plant Physiology

883

807

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The CDPK-SnRK superfamily consists of seven types of serine-threonine protein kinases: calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPKs), CDPK-related kinases (CRKs), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinases (PPCKs), PEP carboxylase kinase-related kinases (PEPRKs), calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs), calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CCaMKs), and SnRKs. Within this superfamily, individual isoforms and subfamilies contain distinct regulatory domains, subcellular targeting information, and substrate specificities. Our analysis of the Arabidopsis genome identified 34 CDPKs, eight CRKs, two PPCKs, two PEPRKs, and 38 SnRKs. No definitive examples were found for a CCaMK similar to those previously identified in lily (Lilium longiflorum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) or for a CaMK similar to those in animals or yeast. CDPKs are present in plants and a specific subgroup of protists, but CRKs, PPCKs, PEPRKs, and two of the SnRK subgroups have been found only in plants. CDPKs and at least one SnRK have been implicated in decoding calcium signals in Arabidopsis. Analysis of intron placements supports the hypothesis that CDPKs, CRKs, PPCKs and PEPRKs have a common evolutionary origin; however there are no conserved intron positions between these kinases and the SnRK subgroup. CDPKs and SnRKs are found on all five Arabidopsis chromosomes. The presence of closely related kinases in regions of the genome known to have arisen by genome duplication indicates that these kinases probably arose by divergence from common ancestors. The PlantsP database provides a resource of continuously updated information on protein kinases from Arabidopsis and other plants.In eukaryotes, protein kinases are involved in regulating key aspects of cellular function, including cell division, metabolism, and responses to external signals. The completed sequence of the Arabidopsis genome provides the first opportunity to identify all of the protein kinases present in a model plant. The Arabidopsis genome encodes 1,085 typical protein kinases (M. Gribskov, unpublished data), which is about 4% of the predicted 25,500 genes (Arabidopsis Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi

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Section: Snrkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Snrkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK Superfamily of Protein Kinases

Hrabak

Chan²,

Gribskov³

et al. 2003

Plant Physiology

883

807

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1993a; Siddiqui et al, 1998;Thomashow, 1999;Finkelstein et al, 2002;Soulages et al, 2003). In addition to the dehydration-associated genes, there were also examples of genes associated with stomatal distribution and regulation (Berger and Altmann, 2000) and signal transduction pathways induced by hypobaria that included kinases and kinase-related proteins (Guo et al, 2002;Yoshida et al, 2002), calcium-binding proteins (Takahashi et al, 2000;Sadiqov et al, 2002) and a cytochrome p450 (Reddy et al, 2002).…”

Section: Differential Expression Of Genes On the Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypobaric Biology: Arabidopsis Gene Expression at Low Atmospheric Pressure

et al. 2004

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(M.P.P.) As a step in developing an understanding of plant adaptation to low atmospheric pressures, we have identified genes central to the initial response of Arabidopsis to hypobaria. Exposure of plants to an atmosphere of 10 kPa compared with the sea-level pressure of 101 kPa resulted in the significant differential expression of more than 200 genes between the two treatments. Less than one-half of the genes induced by hypobaria are similarly affected by hypoxia, suggesting that response to hypobaria is unique and is more complex than an adaptation to the reduced partial pressure of oxygen inherent to hypobaric environments. In addition, the suites of genes induced by hypobaria confirm that water movement is a paramount issue at low atmospheric pressures, because many of gene products intersect abscisic acid-related, drought-induced pathways. A motivational constituent of these experiments is the need to address the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's plans to include plants as integral components of advanced life support systems. The design of bioregenerative life support systems seeks to maximize productivity within structures engineered to minimize mass and resource consumption. Currently, there are severe limitations to producing Earth-orbital, lunar, or Martian plant growth facilities that contain Earth-normal atmospheric pressures within light, transparent structures. However, some engineering limitations can be offset by growing plants in reduced atmospheric pressures. Characterization of the hypobaric response can therefore provide data to guide systems engineering development for bioregenerative life support, as well as lead to fundamental insights into aspects of desiccation metabolism and the means by which plants monitor water relations.Interest in the exploration of environments beyond Earth's atmosphere has brought unique challenges to bear on the understanding of the biological systems that will inhabit those environments. Among these challenges are alterations in atmospheric pressure, which are known to have effects on plant physiology and development (Mansell et al., 1968; Gale, 1973; Andre and Richaux, 1986;McKay and Toon, 1991; Andre and Massimino, 1992;Wheeler, 2000; He et al., 2003). Concepts for greenhouses on Mars, on the moon, and in Earth orbit incorporate low atmospheric pressures to address engineering and systems limitations (Boston, 1981; Drysdale, 2001).Historically, low-pressure environments have been used throughout the U.S. human space exploration programs to reduce the masses of structural and consumable components of space vehicles. Such reductions have resulted in increased mission lengths and/or increased masses of launched payloads. For example, the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo environments were designed to operate at 34 kPa with a pure oxygen environment to simplify support of humans in space (Baker, 1981;Martin and McCormick, 1992). Skylab was also operated at 34 kPa (with a 70% O 2 /30% N 2 gas mixture), and that pressure was further reduced during period...

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“…At high concentrations, ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), can cause oxidative damage to DNA and proteins that are integral to normal cellular processes (Asada, 2006;Van Breusegem and Dat, 2006); however, at low levels, H 2 O 2 is an effective signaling molecule in guard cells that can induce stomatal closure (Pei et al, 2000;Murata et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2001;Kwak et al, 2003). Elevated ABA in guard cells triggers H 2 O 2 production through activation of NADPH or respiratory burst oxidase enzymes located on the plasma membrane (Mustilli et al, 2002;Yoshida et al, 2002) and mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana respiratory burst oxidase D (AtrbohD) and AtrbohF, show impaired ABA-regulated stomatal closure (Kwak et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene-Induced Flavonol Accumulation in Guard Cells Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species and Moderates Stomatal Aperture

2014

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Guard cell swelling controls the aperture of stomata, pores that facilitate gas exchange and water loss from leaves. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has a central role in regulation of stomatal closure through synthesis of second messengers, which include reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS accumulation must be minimized by antioxidants to keep concentrations from reaching damaging levels within the cell. Flavonols are plant metabolites that have been implicated as antioxidants; however, their antioxidant activity in planta has been debated. Flavonols accumulate in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, but not surrounding pavement cells, as visualized with a flavonolspecific dye. The expression of a reporter driven by the promoter of CHALCONE SYNTHASE, a gene encoding a flavonol biosynthetic enzyme, in guard cells, but not pavement cells, suggests guard cell-specific flavonoid synthesis. Increased levels of ROS were detected using a fluorescent ROS sensor in guard cells of transparent testa4-2, which has a null mutation in CHALCONE SYNTHASE and therefore synthesizes no flavonol antioxidants. Guard cells of transparent testa4-2 show more rapid ABA-induced closure than the wild type, suggesting that flavonols may dampen the ABA-dependent ROS burst that drives stomatal closing. The levels of flavonols are positively regulated in guard cells by ethylene treatment in the wild type, but not in the ethylene-insensitive2-5 mutant. In addition, in both ethyleneoverproducing1 and ethylene-treated wild-type plants, elevated flavonols lead to decreasing ROS and slower ABA-mediated stomatal closure. These results are consistent with flavonols suppressing ROS accumulation and decreasing the rate of ABA-dependent stomatal closure, with ethylene-induced increases in guard cell flavonols modulating these responses.

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ABA-Activated SnRK2 Protein Kinase is Required for Dehydration Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis

Cited by 507 publications

References 66 publications

The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK Superfamily of Protein Kinases

The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK Superfamily of Protein Kinases

Hypobaric Biology: Arabidopsis Gene Expression at Low Atmospheric Pressure

Ethylene-Induced Flavonol Accumulation in Guard Cells Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species and Moderates Stomatal Aperture

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