AAVshRNA-mediated PTEN knockdown in adult neurons attenuates activity-dependent immediate early gene induction

Non-invasive High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (hfrTMS) Robustly Activates Molecular Pathways Implicated in Neuronal Growth and Synaptic Plasticity in Select Populations of Neurons

“…As described elsewhere (Pirbhoy et al, 2016), some neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus exhibited moderate levels of immunostaining and there were a few labeled neurons in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus, especially CA3, and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus ( Figure 2F). As noted in previous studies, the number of S6-positive neurons in the hippocampus and other brain regions, and intensity of labeling of individual neurons increases in response to behavior (Pirbhoy et al, 2016;Steward et al, 2020).…”

“…Surprisingly, the pattern of induction of IEG expression was different than what was seen with pS6 activation, and also differed between the two IEGs. Unilateral cortical stimulation induced c-fos expression in virtually all areas of the cortex on the side of the stimulation including areas in the dorsal cortex such as the cingulate cortex and sensorimotor cortex ( Figure 6A vs. Figure 6B) and ventral areas including the piriform cortex and throughout the rostro-caudal axis of the cortex (Figure 6C vs. Figure 6D; note that these are the same cases described in Steward et al, 2020).…”

“…Brains were prepared for IHC as below. Data from these animals have also been included in another study (Steward et al, 2020).…”

Blockade of Motor Cortical Long-Term Potentiation Induction by Glutamatergic Dysfunction Causes Abnormal Neurobehavior in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model

“…QPS5 consisted of the same burst, repeated every 5 s for 30 min, a total 360 bursts based on original reports of QPS of the human motor cortex by Hamada et al (2008). OPS2.5 consisted of a burst of eight pulses at 400 Hz, repeated every 10 s for 30 min, total 180 bursts, both consisting of 1,440 pulses (Steward et al, 2020). No-stimulation condition was instead produced by unplugging the electrodes at the stimulator while the high frequency stimulation protocol was carried out.…”

“…Furthermore, a 200 Hz-burst pattern (ISI of 5 ms) is considered optimal for inducing sufficientmaximal postsynaptic Ca 2+ influx, triggering intra-and/or inter-neuronal signaling cascades for the LTP induction via activity dependent NMDA-receptor activation (Kenney and Manahan-Vaughan, 2013). The OPS2.5 facilitatory effect that produces a 400 Hz-burst (ISI of 2.5 ms) has been considered a glutaminergic receptor-mediatedgold standard in the animal hippocampal LTP induction model, which has been recently applied a motor cortical electrical stimulation induced-LTP model (Steward et al, 2020).…”