“…On the issue of regionalization centered on Japan, Frankel (1992), using a separate dummy variable speciªcally for bilateral Asian trade with Japan, found little evidence in the regional trade patterns that Japan is transforming itself into a center of trade. In contrast, Choudhry, Abu-Bakar, and Wylie (2000), also using a simple gravity model of trade ºows within East Asian countries (including Hong Kong and Taiwan), concluded that East Asian intraregional trade centered on Japan goes beyond what can be explained by the gravity variables.…”