A World Look at the Veneral Diseases

Willcox, R. R.

doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32332-x

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The relationship between colony types, piliation, and virulence indicates that the highly competent N. gonorrhoeae recipients were probably virulent. Thus, studies of this array of natural auxotrophs will give valuable information about the genetic structure of N. gonorrhoeae and its evolution in the infected human population, which is estimated to be as many as 150 million persons annually (11,26).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is likely that genetic blocks of some biosynthetic pathways provide a selective advantage during a period of exposure to a drug being administered for therapy; this was proposed for the coupled sulfonamide resistance and methionine dependence exhibited by some strains of N. gonorrhoeae which were isolated during the era of widespread use of sulfonamides (7). Also, it has been suggested that gonorrhea may be evolving into a milder disease as a result of the selective pressure exerted by antigonococcal drugs (26). Studies of the genetically blocked biosynthetic pathways and the effects of these alterations on susceptibilities to antibacterial agents will give new insight into the evolution of gonococcal populations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another valuable aspect of studies employing natural auxotrophs is that numerous mutants are readily available without exposure of the gonococci to mutagenic agents, thereby eliminating the risk of inducing multiple unrecognized and possibly undesirable effects. Additional mutant loci are provided by clinical isolates which are variously antibiotic resistant (19,26). Thus, the naturally occurring genetic markers are sufficient in number and diversity to encourage a program for mapping the gene loci of virulent N. gonorrhoeae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Transformation of Biosynthetically Defective Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates

Catlin

1974

J Bacteriol

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and chemically defined media were used in transformation tests of 51 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae which exhibited various biosynthetic defects when isolated from patients. These auxotrophic gonococci had one or more nutritional requirements involving proline, methionine, arginine, hypoxanthine, uracil, and thiamine pyrophosphate (THPP). DNA from a clinical isolate which did not require these compounds for growth on defined medium transformed each of the auxotrophic markers of all 51 recipient populations. Ten isolates had defects involving the synthesis of THPP; four strains (designated Thp − ) had a growth requirement that was satisfied only by THPP, whereas the requirement of six strains (designated Thi − ) was satisfied by either thiamine or THPP. DNA from Thp − donors elicited transformation of Thp − as well as Thi − recipients. Reciprocally, DNA from a Thi − donor transformed both Thi − and Thp − recipients. Furthermore, DNA from other auxotrophic gonococci had transforming activity for some phenotypically similar auxotrophic recipients. The findings indicate the existence of various nonidentical genetic defects which block reactions in the biosynthesis of proline, methionine, arginine, hypoxanthine, and THPP. Routine cultures from patients with gonorrhea were the source of these auxotrophic strains of N. gonorrhoeae ; the various nutritional requirements were identified by a recently described system of gonococcal auxotyping. The transformation test results verify the hereditary basis of the auxotypes, establish that many different mutations exist in potentially virulent gonococci, and illustrate the value of these auxotrophic mutants for studies of the genetic structure and evolution of natural populations of gonococci.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Transformation of Biosynthetically Defective Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates

Catlin

1974

J Bacteriol

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“…Parran [4] envisaged a corps of public health offi cers-known as disease intervention specialists (DIS)-who would interview syphilis patients about their partners and then contact and notify those partners (and their partners, and so on). The widespread advent of a curative treatment for syphilis, penicillin, in the 1940s added another rationale for "contact tracing," and syphilis rates dropped substantially [5]. Because notifi cation of partners could be accompanied by effi cacious treatment, DIS could focus on tracking cases of disease and needed little involvement with the infected person beyond testing, treatment, and naming of contacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovations in sexually transmitted disease partner services

Hogben

Niccolai²

2009

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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Recent increases in reported cases of several sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) speak to the urgent need for innovative methods of control and prevention, including improved partner notification. We review interviewing techniques and targeted geographic implementation, enhanced counseling for patient referral, and social network innovations. We also discuss expedited partner therapy: the provision of medications or prescriptions for sex partners who can then be treated prior to a clinical examination. Though the legality of this practice varies from state to state, a growing number of studies have shown its effectiveness, and local jurisdictions are encouraged to consider its feasibility. Another innovative method is use of the Internet to locate sex partners, reflecting trends in how people meet sex partners, and use of the same "venue" for treatment and prevention. We conclude with discussion of newly released recommendations for integrated HIV and STD partner services.

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Give PrEP a chance: moving on from the “risk compensation” concept

Castro

Delabre²,

Molina

2019

J Intern AIDS Soc

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Introduction While bio‐behavioural interventions (BIs) for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV prevention have shown their effectiveness (e.g. treatment for syphilis, HPV vaccination or pre‐exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]), they have also aroused major concerns regarding behavioural changes that could counteract their benefit. Risk compensation (RC) fears concerning BIs in the HIV/STIs prevention field are intimately linked to representations, judgements and social control on sexual behaviour. With an increasing number of PrEP studies describing a rise in STIs due to RC, this paper argues for a shift away from the focus on RC and proposes a more constructive approach to respond to the needs of people living with HIV and populations most at risk. Discussion The concept of RC, stemming from road safety and derived from economic theory, relies on rational theoretical models of human behaviour. Although widely applied in several contexts its use has been reasonably questioned. Major methodological issues regarding RC have been raised within HIV/AIDS literature. Although behavioural changes (e.g. condomless sex and number of sexual partners) are often erroneously assimilated with RC, there is no evidence that behavioural changes have undermined the effectiveness of previous and current BIs. Still, PrEP has not escaped RC concerns. Increases in condomless sex within the context of growing uptake of PrEP signals a continued need for integrated and innovative HIV and STI prevention strategies and a comprehensive sexual health approach. Routine HIV/STI testing, peer‐led counselling, and identification of sexual health needs within the PrEP model of care could become a gold standard in the sexual health field for all populations. Conclusions RC remains a frequent argument against the availability and provision of prevention methods for vulnerable populations. Individuals should be able to benefit from the full panel of BIs options available, to find and adapt methods according to their needs. Current, past and future PrEP users, with other stakeholders, may provide valuable insight into innovative solutions and programmes to control HIV and other STIs.

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A World Look at the Veneral Diseases

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Genetic Transformation of Biosynthetically Defective Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates

Genetic Transformation of Biosynthetically Defective Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates

Innovations in sexually transmitted disease partner services

Give PrEP a chance: moving on from the “risk compensation” concept

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