A wide temperature-tolerant hydrogel electrolyte mediated by phosphoric acid towards flexible supercapacitors

Xu, Jiajun; Jin, Rining; Ren, Xiuyan; Gao, Guanghui

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.127446

Cited by 78 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Temperature-dependent performances of the ZIHC: (c) cycling stability test at 5 A g –1 , with insets showing the GCD profiles of different cycles; (d) CV profiles at 500 mV s –1 ; (e) GCD curves recorded at 2 A g –1 . (f) Ragone plot of ZIHCs in comparison with previously reported ZIHCs, ,, supercapacitors, − and zinc-based batteries based on hydrogel electrolytes. The detailed comparison of electrochemical performance was given in Table S3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Engineering Self-Adhesive Polyzwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors with Superior Low-Temperature Adaptability

et al. 2021

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Flexible zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs) based on hydrogel electrolytes are an up-and-coming and highly promising candidate for potential large-scale energy storage due to their combined complementary advantages of zinc batteries and capacitors. However, the freezing induces a sharp drop in conductivity and mechanical property with tremendous compromise of the interfacial adhesion, thereby severely impeding the low-temperature application of such flexible ZIHCs. To achieve the flexible ZIHCs with excellent low-temperature adaptability, an antifreezing and self-adhesive polyzwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte (PZHE) is engineered via a self-catalytic nano-reinforced strategy, affording unparalleled conductivity and robust interfacial adhesion, together with superhigh mechanical strength over a broad temperature ranging from 25 to −60 °C. Meanwhile, the water-in-salt-type PZHE filled with ZnCl2 can provide ion migration channels to enhance the reversibility of Zn metal electrodes, thus greatly reducing side reactions and extending the cycling life. With distinctive integrated merits of the water-in-salt type PZHE, the as-built ZIHCs deliver a high-level energy density of 80.5 Wh kg–1, a desired specific capacity of 81.5 mAh g–1, along with a long-duration cycling lifespan (100 000 cycles) with 84.6% capacity retention at −40 °C, even outperforming the state-of-the-art ZIHCs at room temperature. More encouragingly, the extraordinary temperature-adaptability for both electrochemical and mechanical performance under severe mechanical challenges is achieved for the flexible ZIHCs at extremely low temperature. Noticeably, the ZIHC is also capable of operating in an ice–water bath and vacuum. It is believed that this strategy makes contributions to inspire the design and application of high-performance PZHEs in fields of flexible and wearable electronics that can work in extremely cold environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…More encouragingly, even at −40 °C, the energy density remained a high value of 40.1 to 80.5 Wh kg –1 at a power density of 0.72 to 27.8 kW kg –1 , which was comparable and even superior to that of the recently reported hydrogel electrolyte-based energy storage devices at room temperature (Figures f and Table S3). ,− …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Self-Adhesive Polyzwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors with Superior Low-Temperature Adaptability

et al. 2021

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“…Table 1 lists several hydrogels that have been recently tested below freezing point of water and used for various applications (batteries, capacitors, and soft robotics). There are only few publications showing their conductivity or tensile strain characteristics at extremely low temperatures (below or close to À 40 °C [32,33,39,42,45] ). In summary, the anti-freeze component embedded within the hydrogel allows for improvement their mechanical strain and flexibility in extreme cold (~À 60 °C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Flexible Ionic Polymer for “Soft Machines” – Where is the Low Temperature Limit?

Thibodeau

Ignaszak

2022

ChemElectroChem

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Soft wearable robotics, electronic skins, exoskeletons, implantable drug delivery, medical sensors, fitness trackers as well as flexible power sources (batteries, capacitors, fuel cells) are emerging technologies that require significant innovation to succeed. Conducting hydrogels are one of the promising flexible platforms that can adopt a modular specification of wearable electronics. However, a common difficulty arises from incorporation of water that serves as main facilitator of ionic conductivity for these materials. This results in severe loss of performance when need to operate below freezing point of water. This work shows that the hydrogel with 50 vol % of glycerol with respect to water content can nominally support a modest weight at room temperature (360 g), and a significantly higher weight (1.5 kg) when cooled to À 60 °C. Unlike other formulations, this hydrogel remained transparent at extremely low temperatures and thus could be useful in flexible optical devices. At À 20 °C, conductivity of hydrogel without anti-freeze drops below 2 × 10 À 4 S cm À 1 , with 25-50 vol % of glycerol ranging at ~0.5 to 4 × 10 À 3 S cm À 1 . Furthermore, at À 40 °C the hydrogel without glycerol becomes an insulator (~2 × 10 À 6 S cm À 1 ), and the one with 50 vol % glycerol shows ionic conductivity in the range of 1-4 × 10 À 4 S cm À 1 . Altogether, we define the operational temperature limit at À 40 °C with respect to the ionic conductivity and at À 60 °C in terms of sufficient mechanical strength for the hydrogel containing 50 vol % glycerol.

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“…A universal strategy is by increasing the salt, acid, and alkali concentration of hydrogel electrolytes to endow them with cold resistance. ,− For instance, Vlassak and co-workers prepared a hydrogel electrolyte with high stretchability and favorable ionic conductivity at a temperature as low as −57 °C . Similarly, Gao and co-workers prepared an antifreezing hydrogel with a temperature range from −60 to 100 °C by using phosphoric acid–water as the dispersion medium . In addition, introducing ionic liquids into hydrogels can improve low-temperature tolerance performance. , However, ionic liquids usually showed lower ionic conductivity and higher cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Antifreezing, Tough, Rehydratable, and Thermoplastic Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Sodium Alginate/Poly(ethylene glycol) Organohydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible Supercapacitors

Lü

Chen

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A hydrogel electrolyte is an ideal material for flexible energy storage equipment owing to its mechanical flexibility similar to solids and its ion transport ability analogous to liquids. However, a traditional hydrogel electrolyte cannot be remolded after forming and cannot be reused after dehydration. In addition, the traditional hydrogel electrolyte cannot work in a subzero environment. Here, the poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate/poly(ethylene glycol) (PVA/SA/PEG) organohydrogel electrolyte was successfully fabricated by a freezing−thawing process followed by soaking in a saturated NaCl aqueous solution. PEG could improve the mechanical property and endowed the organohydrogel with an excellent recyclability and healing ability. Meanwhile, PEG and NaCl in the organohydrogel also endowed the gel with lowtemperature resistance. A new solution was provided to store and transport hydrogels by virtue of the good rehydration properties after the drying process. The flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor was fabricated by using activated carbon as the electrode and PVA/SA/PEG as the gel electrolyte. The flexible supercapacitors presented high areal capacitances of 103.6 mF cm −2 at 2 mA cm −2 at room temperature and 91.5 mF cm −2 at −15 °C. It is believed that the PVA/SA/PEG organohydrogel electrolyte with outstanding flexibility, freezing resistance, recyclability, and high ionic conductivity is a promising candidate for the next-generation flexible energy storage devices.

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A wide temperature-tolerant hydrogel electrolyte mediated by phosphoric acid towards flexible supercapacitors

Cited by 78 publications

References 46 publications

Engineering Self-Adhesive Polyzwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors with Superior Low-Temperature Adaptability

Engineering Self-Adhesive Polyzwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolytes for Flexible Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors with Superior Low-Temperature Adaptability

A Flexible Ionic Polymer for “Soft Machines” – Where is the Low Temperature Limit?

An Antifreezing, Tough, Rehydratable, and Thermoplastic Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Sodium Alginate/Poly(ethylene glycol) Organohydrogel Electrolyte for Flexible Supercapacitors

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