A way forward for the South African quail sector as a potential contributor to food and nutrition security following the aftermath of COVID-19: a review

Abstract

Commercial quail (Coturnix coturnix) farming has recently gained recognition from the South African poultry industry as a potential source of protein, which can be used to alleviate protein-energy malnutrition as well as food and nutrition insecurity in rural South Africa. Over six large-scale and hundred small-scale farmers are currently producing various quail breeds for commercial purposes in South Africa. However, these farmers face challenges of high feed costs, diseases, poor health care, low demand (for quail meat and eggs) and limited access to the markets. In addition, the lack of a pre-existing local market for quail meat and eggs has seen most farmers exporting these products to other countries, but with low profit margins owing to the slow growth experienced by world economies. Furthermore, the socio-economic crisis brought by the global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated these challenges as most of the countries enforced nationwide lockdown to mitigate the spread of the virus. Although this initiative was taken to save lives, it left quail farmers not knowing where to trade their stock due to large uncertainties in the social and economic domain, compounded by the fact that many South African citizens are traditionally accustomed to chicken products. Moreover, the size of the quail in relation to its market price when compared to that of chickens continues to lower its demand causing a lot of quail businesses to collapse. Thus, it is imperative to explore strategies that can reduce the cost of producing quail, while increasing their demand and popularity. Non-conventional feed ingredients and phytogenic feed additives that are inexpensive, locally available, and readily accessible should be identified and evaluated in quail diets to deliver sustainable production systems that will ensure that these birds continue to play a significant role in food and nutrition security of humans. In addition, extension service workers and quail farmers need to form a collaborative team to increase awareness about the benefits of quail products and build a long-lasting and profitable quail business. In this work, we present potential rearing methods for commercial quail production, nutritional benefits of quail products, as well as nutritional solutions for a sustainable and profitable quail business. Lastly, we review prospective awareness programs and marketing strategies that are aimed at successful commercialisation of quail using various networks.

Sorghum, millet and cassava as alternative dietary energy sources for sustainable quail production – A review

“…Quail production is gaining popularity mostly, in the developing countries, due to its significant role in the economic empowerment of the resource poor segment of the society, bridging the protein malnutrition challenge, and fitting well in the farming systems that are commonly practiced (Mnisi et al, 2021). Quail farming is practiced at levels ranging from small-scale to large-scale operations.…”

“…In South Africa and other developing countries, there are currently no feed mill producers that specialize in quail feed production (Mnisi et al, 2021). Low level of dietary protein can reduce growth and egg production performance of the quail bird.…”

“…Ali et al (2012) reported that quail farming can help diversify, strengthen, and sustain the production of animal protein to close the gap between its demand and supply. Quail farming varies from subsistence to large-scale commercial operations (Kingori, 2011), and is more profitable than any other poultry subsector (Mnisi et al, 2021). Quail farming comes with great benefits due to the faster growth rates, early sexual maturity, and high prolificacy and adaptability (Marareni and Mnisi, 2020).…”

“…To achieve optimal performance in quails, dietary crude protein must be provided with sufficient levels of essential and non-essential amino acids to meet the bird's metabolic requirements (Mnisi et al, 2021). Protein provides amino acids necessary for egg production and tissue growth.…”

“…Jumbo quails are over twice the size of an average Japanese quail, and they require double the space of the common Japanese quails. Although they are mostly found in the wild woody and forests of Europe, Asia, and Africa, their (Jumbo quails) role in contributing to food and nutrition security is gaining rapid global recognition (Mnisi et al, 2021).…”