A waterborne polyurethane 3D scaffold containing PLGA with a controllable degradation rate and an anti-inflammatory effect for potential applications in neural tissue repair

Abstract

3D connected porous LGPU scaffolds with adjustable degradation and a strong anti-inflammatory effect were prepared for neural tissue repair.

Fish cartilage: A promising source of biomaterial for biological scaffold fabrication in cartilage tissue engineering

“…One purpose of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is to stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissue and let the body to replace the foreign scaffold with its native cells and secreted ECM. This aim necessitates utilizing biodegradable scaffolds with an appropriate rate of degradation regarding the regeneration rate 55,58 The kinetics of degradation and resorption of scaffold clearly depend on physical properties and mass loss of the scaffold and tissue reconstruction 59,60 In this study, the FCS4 group, which is the most concentrated scaffold, had a slower degradation rate due to a higher degree of cross‐linking than the other groups.…”

Rational design of biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes for tissue repair

“…Biodegradable thermoplastic PUs can dissolve in organic solvents. This advantage allows the PUs to be processed into scaffolds by applying various techniques, such as particle leaching [ 52 , 87 , 194 , 195 ], thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) [ 49 , 51 , 196 , 197 ], freeze-drying [ 122 , 130 , 131 , 133 , 198 , 199 ], electrospinning [ 31 , [200] , [201] , [202] ], 3D printing [ [203] , [204] , [205] , [206] , [207] ], and their combinations [ 208 , 209 ]. Because of high hydrogen binding, the organic solvents for these biodegradable polyurethanes are polarized solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), and hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP).…”

“…(3) Freeze-drying is not often used for PU scaffold fabrication. The WBPUs in water can be directly freeze-dried and form a porous structure [ 122 , 131 , 133 , 198 , 199 , 210 ]. The pore size can be tuned through altering PU concentration and temperature ( Fig.…”

“…A series of biodegradable WBPU hydrogels based on IPDI, oligodiols (e.g., PCL, PLLA, PDLLA), DMPA and ethylenediamine were synthesized for neural regeneration [ 131 , 203 ]. Emulsion of WBPUs based on a blended soft segment of PCL and PLGA was freeze-dried to form porous scaffolds, which showed anti-inflammatory function when cultured with BV2 microglia cells and also promoted PC12 differentiation into neural cells [ 199 ]. Another WBPU scaffold showed great expression of the neuronal growth associated protein (GAP43) and synaptophysin, and satisfactory functional recovery in the rat traumatic brain injury model [ 295 ].…”

A critical review of fibrous polyurethane-based vascular tissue engineering scaffolds

“…The activity of adsorbed proteins on the nanofibers with diameter 950 nm (thick ones) was decreased because of massive conformational changes, while the thin nanofibers (480 nm diameter) maintains the natural shape of proteins and indicated a higher activity rate [ 121 ]. Antibacterial and antifouling properties of PU were reported by several studies [ 122 ]. It has been shown that covalent immobilization of chitosan and citric acid on PU-based materials could develop antibacterial and biocompatibility properties [ 123 ].…”