A wash-durable polyelectrolyte complex that extinguishes flames on polyester–cotton fabric

Haile, Merid; Leistner, Marcus; Sarwar, Owais; Toler, Courtney M.; Henderson, Robert; Grunlan, Jaime C.

doi:10.1039/c6ra03637f

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The effectiveness of this polyelectrolyte coating is related to the extent of protonation of the amine groups. Previous work has shown that polyphosphates are ineffective flame retardants without the ammonium species nearby to cause formation of the phosphoric acid catalyst . This phenomenon is illustrated by comparing PEC 1,1 and PEC 1,10 , which have very similar weight gain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This deposited complex is extremely insoluble at this point, owing to the strong ionic cross‐links formed by the interaction of the charged groups of PEI and PSP. These cross‐links render the coating resistant to dissolution by any further water exposure …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This strategy involves creating a stable solution of two polyelectrolytes by adjusting the pH so that only one species is highly charged. In this state, the PEC will be water soluble and can be easily applied to a surface, which is then exposed to a buffer solution that charges the uncharged polyelectrolyte . Due to the length of time required to deposit an effective LbL coating to impart flame retardancy to a wood substrate, a PEC strategy was adopted here to protect construction lumber with an intumescent coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmentally Benign Polyelectrolyte Complex That Renders Wood Flame Retardant and Mechanically Strengthened

Kolibaba

Grunlan

2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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Home structure fires are responsible for a majority of fire deaths and injuries. Wood is a key component of home construction due to its excellent mechanical properties and renewability, but it is inherently flammable. This study demonstrates the ability of a waterborne polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) to significantly increase wood's time to ignition, while decreasing peak heat release rate and total heat release. The PEC treatment, comprised of polyethylenimine and sodium hexametaphosphate, preserves the visual aesthetic of the wood and adds little additional weight (ca. 6%), while concurrently increasing flexural modulus and flexural strength. Scanning electron microscope images after torch testing provide evidence of a microintumescent flame retardant mechanism. This unique water‐based coating provides an environmentally benign means to render wood construction much safer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmentally Benign Polyelectrolyte Complex That Renders Wood Flame Retardant and Mechanically Strengthened

Kolibaba

Grunlan

2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…It is interesting to note, that in spite of the many papers published recently in which applications of nanotechnology with the aim of improving non-halogen-containing, flame retardant efficiency [ 53 ] coupled with the interest in novel surface treatments mainly on cotton, such as sol–gel [ 39 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ], layer-by-layer [ 39 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ] and atmospheric plasma [ 66 , 67 , 68 ], limited levels of flame retardancy and durability have often only been achieved. None of these treatments to the author’s knowledge has been either applied to or found to be acceptable in back-coating applications.…”

Section: Organobromine Flame Retardants—environmental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Horrocks

2020

Polymers

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This review considers the challenge of developing sustainable organobromine flame retardants (BrFRs) and alternative synergists to the predominantly used antimony III oxide. Current BrFR efficiencies are reviewed for textile coatings and back-coatings with a focus on furnishing and similar fabrics covering underlying flammable fillings, such as flexible polyurethane foam. The difficulty of replacing them with non-halogen-containing systems is also reviewed with major disadvantages including their extreme specificity with regard to a given textile type and poor durability.The possibility of replacing currently used BrFRs for textiles structures that mimic naturally occurring organobromine-containing species is discussed, noting that of the nearly 2000 such species identified in both marine and terrestrial environments, a significant number are functionalised polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which form part of a series of little understood biosynthetic biodegradation cycles.The continued use of antimony III oxide as synergist and possible replacement by alternatives, such as the commercially available zinc stannates and the recently identified zinc tungstate, are discussed. Both are effective as synergists and smoke suppressants, but unlike Sb203, they have efficiencies dependent on BrFR chemistry and polymer matrix or textile structure. Furthermore, their effectiveness in textile coatings has yet to be more fully assessed.In conclusion, it is proposed that the future of sustainable BrFRs should be based on naturally occurring polybrominated structures developed in conjunction with non-toxic, smoke-suppressing synergists such as the zinc stannates or zinc tungstate, which have been carefully tailored for given polymeric and textile substrates.

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“…Layer-by-layer treatments applied to cotton and cotton/polyester blends, however, have recently demonstrated acceptable self-extinguishing properties during vertical fabric strip testing after a defined washing procedure. Notable among these are the recently published results of Grunlan et al [7,8]. All the above recent surface technologies are based on aqueous precursor treatments with the associated need for energy-intensive drying processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally Sustainable Flame Retardant Surface Treatments for Textiles: The Potential of a Novel Atmospheric Plasma/UV Laser Technology

Horrocks

Eivazi

Ayesh

et al. 2018

Fibers

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Conventional flame retardant (FR) application processes for textiles involve aqueous processing which is resource-intensive in terms of energy and water usage. Recent research using sol-gel and layer-by-layer chemistries, while claimed to be based on more environmentally sustainable chemistry, still require aqueous media with the continuing problem of water management and drying processes being required. This paper outlines the initial forensic work to characterise commercially produced viscose/flax, cellulosic furnishing fabrics which have had conferred upon them durable flame retardant (FR) treatments using a novel, patented atmospheric plasma/Ultraviolet (UV) excimer laser facility for processing textiles with the formal name Multiplexed Laser Surface Enhancement (MLSE) system. This system (MTIX Ltd., Huddersfield, UK) is claimed to offer the means of directly bonding of flame retardant precursor species to the component fibres introduced either before plasma/UV exposure or into the plasma/UV reaction zone itself; thereby eliminating a number of wet processing cycles. Nine commercial fabrics, pre-impregnated with a semi-durable, proprietary FR finish and subjected to the MLSE process have been analysed for their flame retardant properties before and after a 40 • C 30 min water soak. For one fabric, the pre-impregnated fabric was subjected to a normal heat cure treatment which conferred the same level of durability as the plasma/UV-treated analogue. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were used to further characterise their burning behaviour and the effect of the treatment on surface fibre morphologies were assessed. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that negligible changes had occurred to surface topography of the viscose fibres occurred during plasma/UV excimer processing.

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A wash-durable polyelectrolyte complex that extinguishes flames on polyester–cotton fabric

Abstract: Polyester–cotton (PECO) blends were rendered flame retardant by depositing a stable polyelectrolyte complex as a wash-durable coating.

Cited by 47 publications

References 30 publications

Environmentally Benign Polyelectrolyte Complex That Renders Wood Flame Retardant and Mechanically Strengthened

Environmentally Benign Polyelectrolyte Complex That Renders Wood Flame Retardant and Mechanically Strengthened

The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Environmentally Sustainable Flame Retardant Surface Treatments for Textiles: The Potential of a Novel Atmospheric Plasma/UV Laser Technology

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