A wafer-scale Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene film obtained on a dilute Cu (0.61 at% Ni) foil using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition

Manyala, Ncholu I.; Bello, Abdulhakeem; Dangbegnon, Julien K.; Masikhwa, T.M.; Momodu, Damilola Y.

doi:10.1039/c5ra27159b

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…% at the surface. This result indicates that the surface is Ni-rich relative to the bulk, and we note other studies in which for Cu-rich Cu/Ni alloys, Ni was reported to segregate to the alloy surface. − We note that the same superstructure was detected by LEED with, or without, graphene grown on the surface, for the bulk composition of 5.9 at. % Ni (for 1.3, 2.4, 3.9, 6.2, and 7.8 (bulk) at.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil

et al. 2018

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Fast-growth of single crystal monolayer graphene by CVD using methane and hydrogen has been achieved on "homemade" single crystal Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils over large area. Full coverage was achieved in 5 min or less for a particular range of composition (1.3 at.% to 8.6 at.% Ni), as compared to 60 min for a pure Cu(111) foil under identical growth conditions. These are the bulk atomic percentages of Ni, as a superstructure at the surface of these foils with stoichiometry CuNi (for 1.3 to 7.8 bulk at.% Ni in the Cu/Ni(111) foil) was discovered by low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Complete large area monolayer graphene films are either single crystal or close to single crystal, and include folded regions that are essentially parallel and that were likely wrinkles that "fell over" to bind to the surface; these folds are separated by large, wrinkle-free regions. The folds occur due to the buildup of interfacial compressive stress (and its release) during cooling of the foils from 1075 °C to room temperature. The fold heights measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) prove them to all be 3 layers thick, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging shows them to be around 10 to 300 nm wide and separated by roughly 20 μm. These folds are always essentially perpendicular to the steps in this Cu/Ni(111) substrate. Joining of well-aligned graphene islands (in growths that were terminated prior to full film coverage) was investigated with high magnification SEM and aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as AFM, STM, and optical microscopy. These methods show that many of the "join regions" have folds, and these arise from interfacial adhesion mechanics (they are due to the buildup of compressive stress during cool-down, but these folds are different than for the continuous graphene films-they occur due to "weak links" in terms of the interface mechanics). Such Cu/Ni(111) alloy foils are promising substrates for the large-scale synthesis of single-crystal graphene film.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil

et al. 2018

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“…However, the abovementioned properties are only observed in defect-free graphene, which is difficult and expensive to mass produce. Alternatively, there are cheaper and more simple ways to mass produce a slightly defective graphene, such as atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP-CVD) [ 8 , 9 ]. The chemical phase exfoliation via the Hummer’s method of graphite oxide has been widely used, but this method produces a highly oxidized version of graphene [ 5 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Microsupercapacitor Fabricated via Mask—Free AxiDraw Direct Writing

et al. 2021

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We demonstrate a simple method to fabricate all solid state, thermally reduced Graphene Oxide (TRGO) microsupercapacitors (µ-SCs) prepared using the atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and a mask-free axiDraw sketching apparatus. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows the extermination of oxygen functional groups as the reducing temperature (RT) increases, while the Raman shows the presence of the defect and graphitic peaks. The electrochemical performance of the µ-SCs showed cyclic voltammetry (CV) potential window of 0–0.8 V at various scan rates of 5–1000 mVs−1 with a rectangular shape, depicting characteristics of electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) behavior. The µ-SC with 14 cm−2 (number of digits per unit area) showed a 46% increment in capacitance from that of 6 cm−2, which is also higher than the µ-SCs with 22 and 26 cm−2. The TRGO-500 exhibits volumetric energy and power density of 14.61 mW h cm−3 and 142.67 mW cm−3, respectively. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed the decrease in the equivalent series resistance (ESR) as a function of RT due to reduction of the resistive functional groups present in the sample. Bode plot showed a phase angel of −85° for the TRGO-500 µ-SC device. The electrochemical performance of the µ-SC devices can be tuned by varying the RT, number of digits per unity area, and connection configuration (parallel or series).

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“…The challenge of CVD synthesis of uniform, high‐quality large‐area bilayer and multilayer graphene on Cu substrate is ascribed primarily to the low decomposition rate of hydrocarbons on the Cu surface [partial dehydrogenation of the CH x species ( x = 1,2,3)] . In previous studies, atmospheric‐pressure CVD (AP‐CVD) was used to demonstrate a low hydrocarbon decomposition rate of Cu surface which was enhanced by alloying Cu with Ni to achieve a large‐area (or substrate size) AB‐stacked bilayer graphene . However, the AP‐CVD temperature dependence of AB‐stacked bilayer graphene growth on Cu substrate was not investigated, and this study aims at such investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of Bernal‐stacked bilayer graphene synthesized on copper foil by chemical vapour deposition: growth dependence on temperature

Fabiane

Bello

Manyala

2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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We report on the effect of temperature on the growth of bilayer graphene on a copper foil under atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (AP-CVD). Before characterization of the AP-CVD bilayer graphene, a high-quality graphene flake was obtained from the Kish bulk graphite by micro-mechanical exfoliation and characterized by using Raman spectroscopy and imaging. The Raman data of the exfoliated, high-quality graphene flake show monolayer and bilayer graphenes and were compared with the Raman data of AP-CVD graphene. Raman spectroscopy of AP-CVD graphene shows bilayer films that exhibit predominantly Bernal stacking with an I 2D /I G ratio of~1. At low growth temperature (~780°C), Raman disorder-related peak intensity in the AP-CVD graphene is high and decreases with an increase in growth temperature to the lowest disorder intensity at~973°C. The selected area electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy average step height analysis showed the thickness of the bilayer graphene. The AP-CVD graphene is uniform at low growth temperatures (~780°C) with a high disorder and becomes nonuniform at high growth temperatures (~867-973°C) with a very low disorder as bilayer graphene evolves to form islands with an average lateral size of <10 μm. Competition between carbon adatoms supply through dehydrogenation of the CH x species, mobility and desorption rate of the carbon-adatom species for nucleation of the bilayer graphene as a function of temperature is elucidated. This study provides further insight into the growth mechanisms of bilayer graphene by AP-CVD on Cu. Copyright

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A wafer-scale Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene film obtained on a dilute Cu (0.61 at% Ni) foil using atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil

Highly Oriented Monolayer Graphene Grown on a Cu/Ni(111) Alloy Foil

Novel Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Microsupercapacitor Fabricated via Mask—Free AxiDraw Direct Writing

Raman spectroscopy and imaging of Bernal‐stacked bilayer graphene synthesized on copper foil by chemical vapour deposition: growth dependence on temperature

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