A Visual Pigment Expressed in Both Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

Xing, Jian; Znoiko, Sergey L.; Othersen, K. L.; Ryan, James C.; Das, Joydip; Isayama, Tomoki; Kono, Masahiro; Oprian, Daniel D.; Corson, D. Wesley; Cornwall, M. Carter; Cameron, David; Hárosi, Ferenc I.; Makino, Clint L.; Crouch, Rosalie K.

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00482-2

Cited by 97 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In any case, the lack of increase in dark noise in transgenic S-opsin mouse rods indicates that the rate of thermal activation of A1 S-pigment in mouse is significantly lower than that of A2 L-pigment in amphibians. Concomitant with the low thermal activity of amphibian S-pigment (Rieke and Baylor, 2000), salamander S-cones are as sensitive to light as the corresponding rods (Perry and McNaughton, 1991;Ma et al, 2001), an observation consistent with spontaneous pigment activity playing a significant role in setting cone sensitivity under dark-adapted conditions. However, mammalian S-cones have a considerably lower sensitivity to light than mammalian rods (Nikonov et al, 2006), despite the apparently low thermal activity of mouse S-pigment found here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Signaling Properties of a Short-Wave Cone Visual Pigment and Its Role in Phototransduction

Shi¹,

Yau²,

Chen³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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Although visual pigments play key structural and functional roles in photoreceptors, the relationship between the properties of mammalian cone pigments and those of mammalian cones is not well understood. We generated transgenic mice with rods expressing mouse short-wave cone opsin (S-opsin) to test whether cone pigment can substitute for the structural and functional roles of rhodopsin and to investigate how the biophysical and signaling properties of the short-wave cone pigment (S-pigment) contribute to the specialized function of cones. The transgenic S-opsin was targeted to rod outer segments, and formed a pigment with peak absorption at 360 nm. Expression of S-opsin in rods lacking rhodopsin (rhoϪ/Ϫ) promoted outer segment growth and cell survival and restored their ability to respond to light while shifting their action spectrum to 355 nm. Using the spectral separation between S-pigment and rhodopsin, we found that the two pigments produced similar photoresponses. Dark noise did not increase in transgenic rods, indicating that thermal activation of S-pigment might not contribute to the low sensitivity of mouse S-cones. Using rod arrestin knock-out animals (arr1؊/؊), we found that the physiologically active (meta II) state of S-pigment decays 40 times faster than that of rhodopsin. Interestingly, rod arrestin was efficient in deactivating S-pigment in rods, but its deletion did not have any obvious effect on dim-flash response shutoff in cones. Furthermore, transgenic cone arrestin was not able to rescue the slow shutoff of S-pigment dim-flash response in arr1؊/؊ rods. Thus, the connection between rod/cone arrestins and S-pigment shutoff remains unclear.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Signaling Properties of a Short-Wave Cone Visual Pigment and Its Role in Phototransduction

Shi¹,

Yau²,

Chen³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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“…The molecular mechanisms that control cell-fate choice among cone spectral subtypes in the zebrafish retina and the source of the patterning information are unknown. Finally, it is worth noting that we have never seen evidence of co-expression of multiple opsins in one cell, as has been reported in salamanders (Ma et al, 2001) and some mammals (Rohlich et al, 1994;Applebury et al, 2000;Lukats et al, 2002), although the relatively low sensitivity of the in situ hybridization technique would likely not have allowed us to detect very low levels of expression in the developing zebrafish cones. …”

supporting

confidence: 47%

A moving wave patterns the cone photoreceptor mosaic array in the zebrafish retina

Raymond¹,

Barthel²

2004

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

101

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In this paper, we describe the embryonic origin and patterning of the planar mosaic array of cone photoreceptor spectral subtypes in the zebrafish retina. A discussion of possible molecular mechanisms that might generate the cone mosaic array considers but discards a model that accounts for formation of neuronal mosaics in the inner retina and discusses limitations of mathematical simulations that reproduce the zebrafish cone mosaic pattern. The formation and organization of photoreceptors in the ommatidia of the compound eye of Drosophila is compared with similar features in the developing zebrafish cone mosaic, and a model is proposed that invokes spatiotemporally coordinated cell-cell interactions among cone progenitors to determine the identity and positioning of cone spectral subtypes. -734-763-1166. e-mail: praymond@umich.edu Abbreviations used in this paper: NND, nearest neighbor distance. KEY WORDS: pattern formation, retinal development, cell fate, opsin gene, visual pigment Cone photoreceptors in zebrafish are organized in a precise mosaic arrayPhotoreceptors are highly specialized neurons with unique, differentiated features associated with detection of light and transduction of neural signals (Cohen, 1972;Dowling, 1987). The identity, distribution, and spacing of individual photoreceptor subtypes is an important developmental parameter that influences many properties of visual function, including the ability to detect stimuli over a large range of light intensities, define the limits visual acuity, mediate color vision, etc. Most vertebrates have multiple spectral subtypes of cone photoreceptors as well as a single type of rod photoreceptor. The predominant animal models used to investigate photoreceptor differentiation and maintenance are rodents, which have strongly rod-dominant retinas, so we know much more about the developmental mechanisms involved in formation of rod photoreceptors (Morrow et al., 1998;Cepko, 1999;Levine et al., 2000;Livesey and Cepko, 2001) and relatively less about cone photoreceptor development (Adler, 2000). Although the human retina is rod-dominant in the periphery of the retina, the macula, which is most critical for functional vision, is strongly conedominant. Thus, the failure of cone photoreceptors to develop properly or the subsequent loss of cone function in humans has the most severe consequences on visual abilities (Neitz and Neitz, 2000;Aiello, 2003;Ambati et al., 2003;Pacione et al., 2003).Cone photoreceptor development has been studied in a few animal models that have abundant cones in addition to rod photoreceptors, most notably primates (Bumsted et al., 1997;Sears et al., 2000), chicks (Bruhn and Cepko, 1996;Adler et al., 2001), and teleost fishes (Branchek and BreMiller, 1984;Larison and BreMiller, 1990;Raymond et al., 1995;Schmitt and Dowling, 1996). Unlike rod photoreceptors, which except in some amphibians all express the same visual pigment gene (rod opsin or rhodopsin), different subtypes of cone photoreceptors express different cone opsin ...

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“…Such heterologous expression of visual pigments is not, however, unknown. The blue sensitive cones and green rods of the tiger salamander both express the same SWS2 cone pigment (Ma et al 2001), thereby providing evidence that cone pigments can function with rod transducin, and the disparity in flash sensitivity could be attributed to a higher quantal photon catch by the larger rod outer segments. The converse situation proposed for the marsupial MWS cones expressing a rod pigment may be expected therefore to be fully functional and show a conelike sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cone visual pigments in two marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)

Cowing¹,

Arrese²,

Davies

et al. 2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Uniquely for non-primate mammals, three classes of cone photoreceptors have been previously identified by microspectrophotometry in two marsupial species: the polyprotodont fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the diprotodont honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). This report focuses on the genetic basis for these three pigments. Two cone pigments were amplified from retinal cDNA of both species and identified by phylogenetics as members of the short wavelength-sensitive 1 (SWS1) and long wavelengthsensitive (LWS) opsin classes. In vitro expression of the two sequences from the fat-tailed dunnart confirmed the peak absorbances at 363 nm in the UV for the SWS1 pigment and 533 nm for the LWS pigment. No additional expressed cone opsin sequences that could account for the middle wavelength cones could be amplified. However, amplification from the fat-tailed dunnart genomic DNA with RH1 (rod) opsin primer pairs identified two genes with identical coding regions but sequence differences in introns 2 and 3. Uniquely therefore for a mammal, the fat-tailed dunnart has two copies of an RH1 opsin gene. This raises the possibility that the middle wavelength cones express a rod rather than a cone pigment.

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A Visual Pigment Expressed in Both Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

Cited by 97 publications

References 57 publications

Signaling Properties of a Short-Wave Cone Visual Pigment and Its Role in Phototransduction

Signaling Properties of a Short-Wave Cone Visual Pigment and Its Role in Phototransduction

A moving wave patterns the cone photoreceptor mosaic array in the zebrafish retina

Cone visual pigments in two marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)

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