A view through the gateway: expectancies as a possible pathway from alcohol to cannabis

Willner, Paul

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9656915.x

Cited by 46 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Indeed, the results of the survival analyses showed that the patterns of drug use identified in the first part of the analyses followed a chronological order of initiation. Therefore, the present study's results replicated some well-known findings, above all that trajectories begin with alcohol, then move to tobacco, then cannabis, and finally other illicit drugs (Fergusson et al, 2006;Kandel, 1975Kandel, , 2002Pentz & Li, 2002;Wagner & Anthony, 2002;Willner, 2001;Woodcock et al, 2015;Yamaguchi & Kandel, 1984). Moreover, they highlighted a difference in the age of initiation between middle-stage and final-stage drug users.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trajectories of drug use among French young people: Prototypical stages of involvement in illicit drug use

Baggio

Spilka²,

Studer³

et al. 2016

Journal of Substance Use

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Aims: This study investigated patterns and trajectories of substance use, with a special focus on illicit drugs other than cannabis. It examined both patterns and trajectories of use among a general population-based sample. Methods: We used data from the 2011 French ESCAPAD survey of French 17-year-olds to assess exposure and age of initiation of 14 licit and illicit drugs (N=23,882). Latent class analysis (LCA) and survival analyses were performed. Results: The results of the LCA showed that patterns of illicit drug use clearly distinguished between two groups of other illicit drugs: 1) amphetamines/speed, cocaine, ecstasy/MDMA, magic mush-rooms, poppers, and solvents; 2) crack/ freebase, GHB/GBL, heroine, LSD, and ketamine. Survival analyses highlighted that trajectories involved the first group before the second one. Conclusions: Prototypical drug use patterns and trajectories should include a distinction between two groups of illicit drugs. Preventive actions should focus on young people in their early teens, since very young users are more likely to progress to illicit drug use, and further studies should include this distinction instead of aggregating other illicit drugs into a single category. KeywordsGeneral population-based sample, patterns of drug use, stages of drug use

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…As described in several countries, young people commonly start with alcohol, move on to tobacco, then use cannabis, and finally use other illicit drugs (Fergusson et al, 2006;Kandel, 2002;Pentz & Li, 2002;Wagner & Anthony, 2002;Willner, 2001;Woodcock et al, 2015;Yamaguchi & Kandel, 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of drug use among French young people: Prototypical stages of involvement in illicit drug use

Baggio

Spilka²,

Studer³

et al. 2016

Journal of Substance Use

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“…Consequently, user's expectations about cannabis are not simply more positive than non-users as hypothesized, rather it appears costbenefit reasoning exists potentially with anticipated positive effects not living up to expectations but negative expectancies about cannabis also not being realised after use. This is supported by previous research reporting that those who had not smoked cannabis have higher global negative expectations [6][7][8]14]. Many of the reason given by patients for cannabis use are centred on social situations [17], although in the current sample non-users had higher expectations for cannabis to be relaxing, socially and sexually facilitating.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Traditionally, expectancies have been considered in alcohol research, and are related to both adult and adolescent drinking behaviours [3][4][5]. More recently expectancies have been investigated in relation to cannabis use, with the previous results from alcohol research largely being replicated [6][7][8]. Given the role for expectancies to shape patterns of substance use, the investigation of cannabis expectancies has relevance not only for substance use problems in the general (psychologically healthy) population, but also for individuals with serious mental health problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Are Cannabis Expectancies Related to Subjective Drug Experiences and Schizotypy?

Barkus¹,

Muddle²

2015

J Addict Res Ther

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Objective: There is an established literature on cannabis expectancies and how these relate to patterns of cannabis use and clinical outcomes. However increasingly we are becoming interested in how cannabis expectancies shape the subjective experiences people have during drug use, and vice versa. Here we present data reporting how cannabis expectancies relate to subjective experiences after cannabis. Additionally we will determine whether an index of psychosis proneness (schizotypy) is related to cannabis expectancies. Method: A sample of recreational cannabis users (n=137) completed the brief Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, the Cannabis Experiences Questionnaire and the Marijuana Effects Expectancy Questionnaire. Results: Cannabis expectancies correlated with the subjective experiences reported in the immediate high from cannabis. However, only Cognitive and Behavioural Impairment expectancies were correlated with after effects from cannabis. There were no significant correlations between schizotypy and cannabis expectancies. Conclusion: Cannabis expectancies are related to the immediate experiences subjectively felt after smoking cannabis. Further research is necessary to determine which clinically significant personality traits shape cannabis expectancies. AbstractObjective: There is an established literature on cannabis expectancies and how these relate to patterns of cannabis use and clinical outcomes. However increasingly we are becoming interested in how cannabis expectancies shape the subjective experiences people have during drug use, and vice versa. Here we present data reporting how cannabis expectancies relate to subjective experiences after cannabis. Additionally we will determine whether an index of psychosis proneness (schizotypy) is related to cannabis expectancies. Method:A sample of recreational cannabis users (n=137) completed the brief Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, the Cannabis Experiences Questionnaire and the Marijuana Effects Expectancy Questionnaire.Results: Cannabis expectancies correlated with the subjective experiences reported in the immediate high from cannabis. However, only Cognitive and Behavioural Impairment expectancies were correlated with after effects from cannabis. There were no significant correlations between schizotypy and cannabis expectancies. Conclusion:Cannabis expectancies are related to the immediate experiences subjectively felt after smoking cannabis. Further research is necessary to determine which clinically significant personality traits shape cannabis expectancies.

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“…The hypotheses from studies of alcohol and substance use expectancies appear to be straightforward: if adolescents expect substances to affect them positively (e.g., to make parties more fun or to help people to relax), they will be more likely to use them. Conversely, if the opposite is expected (e.g., that people may lose control and be harmed after drinking alcohol) then adolescents will be less likely to use alcohol or substances (Barnow, et al, 2004;Fisher, Miles, Austin, Camargo, & Colditz, 2007;Musher-Eizenman, Holub, & Arnett, 2003;Shen, Locke-Wellman, & Hill, 2001;Willner, 2001). …”

Section: Summary and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use

Marschall-Lévesque¹,

Castellanos‐Ryan²,

Vitaro³

et al. 2014

Addictive Behaviors

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Associating with substance using peers is generally considered as one of the most important predictors of adolescent substance use. However, peer association does not affect all adolescents in the same way. To better understand when and under what conditions peer association is most linked with adolescent substance use (SU), this review focuses on the factors that may operate as moderators of this association. The review highlighted several potential moderators reflecting adolescents' individual characteristics (e.g., pubertal status, genes and personality), peer and parental factors (e.g., nature of relationships and parental monitoring), and contextual factors (e.g., peer, school and neighborhood context). As peer association is a broad concept, important methodological aspects were also addressed in order to illustrate how they can potentially bias interpretation. Taking these into account, we suggest that, while the effects of some moderators are clear (e.g., parental monitoring and sensation seeking), others are less straightforward (e.g., neighborhood) and need to be further examined. This review also provides recommendations for addressing different methodological concerns in the study of moderators, including: the use of longitudinal and experimental studies and the use of mediated moderation. These will be key for developing theory and effective prevention.

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A view through the gateway: expectancies as a possible pathway from alcohol to cannabis

Abstract: The results are consistent with a version of the 'gateway hypothesis' for the relationship between alcohol and cannabis use (alcohol use leads to changes in cannabis expectancies and thereby to cannabis use), but a proper test of the hypothesis requires a longitudinal study.

Cited by 46 publications

References 29 publications

Trajectories of drug use among French young people: Prototypical stages of involvement in illicit drug use

Trajectories of drug use among French young people: Prototypical stages of involvement in illicit drug use

Are Cannabis Expectancies Related to Subjective Drug Experiences and Schizotypy?

Moderators of the association between peer and target adolescent substance use

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