A Video-Based Training Method for Improving Soccer Referees’ Intuitive Decision-Making Skills

Schweizer, Geoffrey; Plessner, Henning; Kahlert, Daniela; Brand, Ralf

doi:10.1080/10413200.2011.555346

Cited by 83 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For this sequence of situations previously analyzed and distributed by the arbitration department of the International Federation of Football Association (FIFA), which are distributed by the technical direction of the Technical Committee of Referees of the Royal Spanish Football Federation to all umpires they were used national category at the beginning of the season. These sequences are used to improve the capacity to analyze the determinants of the violations occurred during official competition matches (Schweizer, 2011) aspects. On completion of training, inter and intra-observer reliability of the experts of 0.85 it was achieved.…”

Section: Decision-making Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making

Gómez-Carmona¹,

Pino-Ortega²

2016

jhse

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The aim of this study was to examine the cinematic and physiological requirements of referees and assistant referees and their relationship to decision-making in various official competition matches in football. The sample consisted of six referees, one acted as main referee and five as assistant referees (age: 21.2 ± 0.98 years; height: 175.67 ± 4.27 cm, weight: 65.73 ± 4.68 kg). The registration of the data of the subjects participating in the study was conducted with an inertial system called WIMU and the analysis of the data was performed with a software called Quiko (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain). In the study, 4 games of the League Championship Third Division (Group XIII) belonging to the 2014-2015 season were analyzed. The main findings were that the referee runs an average distance of 10124.7 ± 543.2 meters, with an average speed between 7.2 and 13 km/h with a maximum heart rate (HRmax) between 85-95% of his maximum; assistant referees walked an average distance of 5793.4 ± 481.7 meters, with an average speed between 3.6 to 7.2 km/h with a HRmax between 75-85% of their maximum. The aspects which influenced the decision making of the referees and caused the errors were: the part of the pitch, the period of play and the HRmax percentage of the referee. What this research shows is that referees and assistant referees should be considered in terms of training as independent people, and that referees must correct the movements in the field, concentration and work situations where your HRmax is above 85% to improve its success rate. Future studies should pursue this investigation with a greater number of senior officials and higher number of matches to generalize the results to all arbitral establishments and improve its quality.

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Section: Decision-making Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making

Gómez-Carmona¹,

Pino-Ortega²

2016

jhse

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“…For example, researchers have indicated that the perceptual-cognitive skills of referees and players can be improved via diverse on- and off-field training tools. During these sport-specific training programs, the focus should be on improving specific aspects of performance (Put, Wagemans, Spitz, Williams, & Helsen, 2015; Schweizer, Plessner, Kahlert, & Brand, 2011). Also, in other professional settings, such as airport baggage screening, medical screening, and law enforcement, findings from (basic) visual search studies have had important applications for training and performance enhancement (Evans, Birdwell, & Wolfe, 2013; Helsen & Starkes, 1999b; Vickers & Lewinski, 2012; Wolfe, Brunelli, Rubinstein, & Horowitz, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search behaviors of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations

et al. 2016

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It is well reported that expert athletes have refined perceptual-cognitive skills and fixate on more informative areas during representative tasks. These perceptual-cognitive skills are also crucial to performance within the domain of sports officials. We examined the visual scan patterns of elite and sub-elite association football referees while assessing foul play situations. These foul play situations (open play and corner kick situations) were presented on a Tobii T120 Eye Tracking monitor. The elite referees made more accurate decisions and differences in their visual search behaviors were observed. For the open play situations, referees in the elite group spent significantly more time fixating the most informative area of the attacking player (contact zone) and less time fixating the body part that was not involved in the infringement (non-contact zone). Furthermore, the average total fixation time in the contact zone and non-contact zone tended to differ between the elite and sub-elite referees in corner kick situations. In conclusion, elite level referees have learned to discern relevant from less-relevant information in the same way as expert athletes. Findings have implications for the development of perceptual training programs for sport officials.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…This has been applied to offside decision-making training (Put, et al, 2013) and decision-making training of tackle situations for soccer referees (Schweizer, et al, 2011) as well as rugby referees (Mascarenhas, et al, 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decision-making training with the use of video-training tools has been shown to increase decision-making accuracy and should therefore be considered in terms of visual training leading to officiating experience (Schweizer, et al, 2011;Put, Wagemans, Jaspers, & Helsen, 2013). With regard to visual experience, referees in soccer, e.g.…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of embodied cognition in sports officiating

Pizzera

2015

Mov Sport Sci/Sci Mot

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Abstract. Sports officials are responsible for the correct enforcement of laws and regulations at sporting competitions and games. To meet these high expectations and making correct judgments and the right decisions, they have to develop a great amount of expertise, usually reached through a variety of experiences and different sources of information. For instance, one of the factors influencing the performance of sports officials and therefore leading to expertise comes from the sports officials themselves, by developing alongside their sporting career. The following chapter will give an overview of a new perspective on expertise of sports officials by focusing on these internal factors from an embodied cognition viewpoint. In more detail, studies will be reviewed that have analyzed and interpreted the sports officials' previous experiences as athletes (motor experience) and spectators (visual experience) and their officiating experiences in terms of their relation to officiating performance. This line of research in embodied officiating addresses the link between cognitive judgments of sports officials and their motor, visual and officiating experiences. Recent research will be described and transferred to the applied field of sports officials, offering practical implications based on scientific findings. This review will show that in order to describe and understand expertise in sports officiating from a holistic point of view, the field of embodied cognition should be integrated, which so far has been neglected in sports officiating research.Key words: Judges, referees, embodied cognition, expertise Résumé. Le rôle da la cognition incarnée dans l'arbitrage des pratiques sportives.Les arbitres des pratiques sportives ont la responsabilité de l'application des lois et des règles lors des rencontres sportives. Pour répondre à de telles attentes, effectuer des jugements corrects et prendre des décisions appropriées, ils doivent développer une expertise la plupart du temps atteinte par des expériences variées et de nombreuses sources d'information. Par exemple, l'un des facteurs influençant la performance des officiels des pratiques sportives et par conséquent permettant d'atteindre un haut niveau d'expertise provient des officiels eux-mêmes tout au long de leur carrière sportive. Cet article aborde une perspective de l'expertise des officiels des pratiques sportives en se focalisant sur ces facteurs internes à partir du point de vue de la cognition incarnée. Plus spé-cifiquement, les études qui ont analysé et interprété les expériences antérieures des officiels en tant qu'athlète (expérience motrice) et leurs expériences en tant qu'arbitre sont revues et discutées dans leur relation avec la performance arbitrale. Cette orientation de la recherche sur l'arbitrage incarnée aborde le lien entre les jugements cognitifs des officiels et leurs expériences motrices, visuelles et d'arbitrage. La recherche actuelle est décrite et transférée au champ appliqué des officiels, offrant des implications pratiques. Cette revue ...

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A Video-Based Training Method for Improving Soccer Referees’ Intuitive Decision-Making Skills

Cited by 83 publications

References 35 publications

Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making

Kinematic and physiological analysis of the performance of the referee football and its relationship with decision making

Visual search behaviors of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations

The role of embodied cognition in sports officiating

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