A vicious circle between oxidative stress and cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome pathogenesis at COVID-19 infection

Meftahi, Gholam Hossein; Bahari, Zahra; Jangravi, Zohreh; Iman, Maryam

doi:10.15407/ubj93.01.018

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is considered as a decisive cause of death in COVID-19 disease ( Gralinski and Baric, 2015 ; Quan et al, 2021 ). Cytokine storm and oxidative stress are the main participants in the development of ARDS during respiratory virus infections ( Meftahi et al, 2021 ). SARS-CoV-2 infection generates massive ROS production and the excessive oxidative damage is responsible for cytokine storm, undermined immunity, tissue damage and severe lung disease causing ARDS and death ( Silvagno et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of Nrf2 and its inhibitor Keap1 in plasma is associated with damaged vascular endothelial cell-, macrophage-and other cell-associated leakage secondary to the loss of cell membrane integrity due to lipid peroxidation following chronic inflammation and oxidative stress ( Kasprzak et al, 2020 ), and Nrf2 and Keap1 in circulation are markers of severe inflammation and oxidative stress ( Tu et al, 2019 ). Continuous oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation, intense cytokine release and a cytokine storm as seen in SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 disease, and the viral infection enhances oxidative stress creating a fatal vicious circle between oxidative stress and cytokine storm during COVID-19 infection ( Delgado-Roche and Mesta, 2020 ; Meftahi et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, excessive production of ROS mediates hyper-inflammation and generation of cytokine storm that directly determine both ARDS development and ARDS course severity. ROS are a necessary defense system to combat microbial respiratory infections ( Lambeth, 2004 ), but oxidative stress and the excessive production of ROS by numerous cells including monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, as well as pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells play a major role in the development of ARDS and its complications during COVID-19 infections ( Meftahi et al, 2021 ). The high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in critically ill patients, the intense neutrophil infiltration in pulmonary capillaries and into pulmonary alveoli, and the increased levels of circulating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) clearly show neutrophil involvement/activation favoring intense ROS production and oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation, and protein and DNA oxidation ( Komaravelli and Casola, 2014 ; Laforge et al, 2020 ; Veras et al, 2020 ; Ng et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease

Labarrere

Kassab²

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes via redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1–10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease

Labarrere

Kassab²

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…ARDS is a common symptom of COVID-19 and it is characterized by inflamed and stiff lungs, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties [4]. It is thought that much of the severity and death associated with COVID-19 ARDS is related to features of the cytokine storm and oxidative stress [5,6]. Oxidative stress is elevated during critical illness and may mediate the cytokine storm [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of Antioxidant Oral Supplements on the Progression of COVID-19 in Non-Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2021

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Modulation of cytokine production using immunonutrition is a relatively novel concept to improve outcomes among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and is now hypothesized to help manage COVID-19, however, clinical evidence is lacking. This prospective, double-blinded, randomized parallel-controlled interventional clinical trial investigated the effect of antioxidant supplements on inflammatory cytokines and disease progression in non-critically ill patients. A total of 87 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were randomized using computer-generated-randomization into the supplement group (n = 18) and the placebo group (n = 16) for 10 days. Baseline and final nutritional screening via nutrition risk screening (NRS-2002) and subjective global assessment (SGA), as well as the recording of anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and functional parameters, were done. Serum ferritin level, cytokine storm parameters such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), C-reactive protein, total leukocyte count, lymphocytic count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were measured. Anthropometric and clinical parameters showed nonsignificant differences between groups. The hematology profile showed improvement in lymphocyte count in the supplement group. However, levels of alkaline phosphatase, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were significantly lower in the supplement group. In conclusion, antioxidant oral supplementation significantly reduced the cytokine storm and led to partial improvements in clinical parameters among patients with non-critical COVID-19.

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“…onavirus, the rate of infection and also total death from this new virus produced a global horror worldwide and forced the governments to make different and difficult decisions about their societies for saving their societies [1,2]. These decisions, including a lockdown of economic and instructive activities, forced millions of young people to stay at home for several weeks [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 pandemic quarantine and social jetlag

Sahraei¹,

Meftahi²,

Sahraei³

2021

Ukr.Biochem.J.

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Covid-19 pandemic forced the governments to choose the policy to the lockdown the gathering centers , including universities and schools to prevent the rapid spread of the disease, forcing millions of people to stay at home for several weeks and even more. Staying in the home for such long periods is associated with a change in the wake/sleep period (a kind of social jet lag) and the resulting alteration in feeding time and type of food. Moreover, the prevalence of anxiety and depression resulted from the reduction in physical activity and bad news also may help to worsen the social jetlag effect on these parts of society. Possible hazardous changes in this factor are reviewed in this study and some suggestions for better management of this condition are also offered. Pubmed, SCOPUS, WOS, and Google Scholar data banks were searched using the following keyword in combination and/or alone: jetlag, social jetlag, Chronobiology, photoperiod, metabolic disease, cardiovascular, sleep/weak period. Longtime lockdown gathering centers are shown to change the photoperiod cycle in people, and it may induce several consequences, including the effects on cognitive brain function, induce mental illness, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, mitochondrial aging, and cardiovascular diseases. Considering these facts, it is important to make rehabilitation programs for all the societies' members for post-pandemic time.

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A vicious circle between oxidative stress and cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome pathogenesis at COVID-19 infection

Cited by 11 publications

References 96 publications

Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease

Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease

The Efficacy of Antioxidant Oral Supplements on the Progression of COVID-19 in Non-Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Covid-19 pandemic quarantine and social jetlag

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