A versatile valving toolkit for automating fluidic operations in paper microfluidic devices

Toley, Bhushan J.; Wang, Jessica A.; Gupta, Mayuri; Buser, Joshua R.; Lafleur, Lisa; Lutz, Barry; Fu, Elain; Yager, Paul

doi:10.1039/c4lc01155d

Cited by 135 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…29 Paper-based devices, such as provide a suitable platform for convenient fluid transport and manipulation based on spontaneous wetting. 33, 34 For instance, a SlipPAD device has been developed to synergistically marry the ability of the SlipChip for high-throughput, multiplexed sensing with the advantages of the paper-based chips in simple fabrication and spontaneous fluid transport. 33 While dPCR on the glass SlipChip has been demonstrated, the applications of the SlipPAD to dPCR have not been demonstrated, presumably due to the difficulty in device sealing to prevent evaporation during thermal cycling and the limitation in feature sizes that can be fabricated on paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital PCR using micropatterned superporous absorbent array chips

Wang

Southard

Zeng

2016

Analyst

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Digital PCR (dPCR) is an emerging technology for genetic analysis and clinical diagnostics. To facilitate the widespread application of dPCR, here we developed a new micropatterned superporous absorbent array chip (μSAAC) which consists of an array of microwells packed with highly porous agarose microbeads. The packed beads construct a hierarchically porous microgel which confers superior water adsorption capacity to enable spontaneous filling of PDMS microwells for fluid compartmentalization without the need of sophisticated microfluidic equipment and operation expertise. Using large λ-DNA as the model template, we validated the μSAAC for stochastic partition and quantitative digital detection of DNA molecules. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept, we conducted dPCR detection and single-molecule sequencing of a mutation prevalent in blood cancer, the chromosomal translocation t(14;18), demonstrating the feasibility of the μSAAC for analysis of disease-associated mutations. These experiments were carried out using the standard molecular biology techniques and instruments. Because of its low cost, ease of fabrication, and equipment-free liquid partitioning, the μSAAC are readily adaptable to general lab settings, which could significantly facilitate the widespread application of dPCR technology in basic research and clinical practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital PCR using micropatterned superporous absorbent array chips

Wang

Southard

Zeng

2016

Analyst

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“…Martinez reported multilayer stacked paper devices containing a push button valve that could be closed by mechanical compressing force. 16 Fu et al utilized an absorbent sponge constructs for time-metered valves 18 and designed tunable-delay shunt valves to perform sequential delivery. 29 However, these methods suffer from certain restrictions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Controlling Capillary-Driven Fluid Transport in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices Using a Movable Valve

Lijuan

et al. 2017

Anal. Chem.

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This paper describes a novel strategy for fabricating the movable valve on paper-based microfluidic devices to manipulate capillary-driven fluids. The movable valve fabrication is first realized using hollow rivets as the holding center to control the paper channel in different layer movement that results in the channel's connection or disconnection. The relatively simple valve fabrication procedure is robust, versatile, and compatible with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) with differing levels of complexity. It is remarkable that the movable valve can be convenient and free to control fluid without the timing setting, advantages that make it user-friendly for untrained users to carry out the complex multistep operations. For the performance of the movable valve to be verified, several different designs of μPADs were tested and obtained with satisfactory results. In addition, in the proof-of-concept enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments, we demonstrate the use of these valves in μPADs for the successful analysis of samples of carcino-embryonic antigen, showing good sensitivity and reproducibility. We hope this technique will open new avenues for the fabrication of paper-based valves in an easily adoptable and widely available way on μPADs and provide potential point-of-care applications in the future. P aper-based microfluidics has shown great potential over the past few decades as a promising and powerful platform. 1−4 It mainly relies on attractive features including cheapness, ease-of-operation, lightweight transport, and compatibility with biological samples. Moreover, the cellulose papers can wick aqueous samples by capillary force, allowing them to operate without any external pump. Inspired by this technique, many researchers have put significant efforts toward the development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), and this technology has been developing as quickly as a bamboo shoot after a spring rain. 5−10 However, when more complicated or multistep assays are required for the μPADs, 5,11,12 how the fluid should be manipulated is of great importance for realizing the essential function of performing multiple processing steps and assay detection for various applications. 13−15 As a crucial and essential functional component for controlling fluid transport, the valve plays an important role in fluid manipulation and enhances the fluidic capability of μPADs.There is a set of techniques that was reported for manipulating fluid to realize the valve function of μPADs by relying on various mechanisms. 16−19 This mainly consists of three strategies. First, the channel's geometry can be varied to result in different arrival times for controlling the liquid flow.Fu, Osborn, and Songok have demonstrated flow delay through changing the shape of the channel. 20−22 The second strategy makes use of chemicals to influence physicochemical properties, including the viscosity of the fluid and the homogeneity of the paper to manipulate the fluid. For instance, the imp...

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“…30 The third method is to use mechanical means to connect or disconnect channels, thus to maintain or stop fluid wicking in the paper cellulose. A successful and promising demonstration was described by Toley et al 33 In their work, a toolkit of paper microfluidic valves and methods for automatic valve actuation was developed, using movable paper strips and fluid-triggered expanding elements. In this work, we developed a new strategy for fabricating valves on lPADs by inkjet printing a surfactant, whose solubility in water varies sharply with temperature, onto a hydrophobic paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining microchannels and valves on a hydrophobic paper by low-cost inkjet printing of aqueous or weak organic solutions

Cai

Zhong

et al. 2015

Biomicrofluidics

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We describe a simple and cost-effective strategy for rapid fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and valves by inkjet printing. NaOH aqueous solution was printed onto a hydrophobic filter paper, which was previously obtained by soaking in a trimethoxyoctadecylsilane-heptane solution, allowing selective wet etching of hydrophobic cellulose to create hydrophilic-hydrophobic contrast with a relatively good resolution. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB)-ethanol solution was printed onto hydrophobic paper to fabricate temperaturecontrolled valves. At low temperature, CTMAB deposited on the paper is insoluble in aqueous fluid, thus the paper remains hydrophobic. At high temperature, CTMAB becomes soluble so the CTMAB-deposited channel becomes hydrophilic, allowing the wicking of aqueous solution through the valve. We believe that this strategy will be very attractive for the development of simple micro analytical devices for point-of-care applications, including diagnostic testing, food safety control, and environmental monitoring. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

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A versatile valving toolkit for automating fluidic operations in paper microfluidic devices

Cited by 135 publications

References 43 publications

Digital PCR using micropatterned superporous absorbent array chips

Digital PCR using micropatterned superporous absorbent array chips

Controlling Capillary-Driven Fluid Transport in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices Using a Movable Valve

Defining microchannels and valves on a hydrophobic paper by low-cost inkjet printing of aqueous or weak organic solutions

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