A versatile photoelectron spectrometer for pressures up to 30 mbar

Abstract

High-pressure photoelectron spectroscopy is a rapidly developing technique with applications in a wide range of fields ranging from fundamental surface science and catalysis to energy materials, environmental science, and biology. At present the majority of the high-pressure photoelectron spectrometers are situated at synchrotron end stations, but recently a small number of laboratory-based setups have also emerged. In this paper we discuss the design and performance of a new laboratory based high pressure photoelectron spectrometer equipped with an Al Kα X-ray anode and a hemispherical electron energy analyzer combined with a differentially pumped electrostatic lens. The instrument is demonstrated to be capable of measuring core level spectra at pressures up to 30 mbar. Moreover, valence band spectra of a silver sample as well as a carbon-coated surface (graphene) recorded under a 2 mbar nitrogen atmosphere are presented, demonstrating the versatility of this laboratory-based spectrometer. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx

Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Lithium Battery Interface Studies

“…85 More recently, however, these techniques have advanced considerably due to combined utilization of synchrotron radiation and electron optics. [86][87][88][89] The principle of the new technique (so-called Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APPES)) is sketched in Figure 16. In these instruments a series of slits is introduced prior to the analyzer entrance associated with heavy intermediate differential pumping to reduce a sample vapor pressure load.…”

The Environmental Photochemistry of Oxide Surfaces and the Nature of Frozen Salt Solutions: A New in Situ XPS Approach

“…The endstation is equipped with a Scienta R4000 HiPP-2 electron energy analyzer (200 mm mean radius) with variable entrance slit, coupled to a multi-channel plate (MCP) detector and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (2); the performance and design of this instrument are similar to those described in Ref. [7,30]. The analyzer is mounted on a mobile frame allowing for movement in the x,y plane and in the z direction (3).…”

In-Situ Probing of H2O Effects on a Ru-Complex Adsorbed on TiO2 Using Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy

“…The AP-PES measurements were performed with a system consisting of a Scienta R4000 HiPP-2 high pressure analyzer, a monochromatized Scienta MX650 HP Al Ja X-ray source, an analysis chamber, a load lock chamber and a manipulator, as previously described [28]. The X-ray monochromator is mounted at an angle of 62.5°with respect to the symmetry axis of the analyzer pre-lens.…”

“…AP-PES dates back to the efforts of Siegbahn and co-workers in the 1970s [19][20][21]. The technique has developed rapidly in recent years due to the use of differentially pumped electron lens systems in both synchrotron-based [22][23][24][25][26] and laboratory-based systems [27,28]. One of the main challenges of AP-PES techniques is the scattering of the photoemitted electrons by the ambient gas phase molecules when the pressure is increased.…”

“…In this paper, we have used both a laboratory-based AP-PES system optimized for lower pressures (up to 2 mbar) [28] and a synchrotron-based AP-HAXPES setup optimized for higher pressures (up to 25 mbar), to study the effect of exposure to gaseous water up to pressures of 25 mbar (water vapor pressure at 22.2°C) on the chemical and electronic structure of Z907 dye molecules adsorbed on TiO 2 . The interaction between water and dye molecules was also modeled using density functional theory calculations (DFT) and the results compared to experimental data.…”