“…To date, numerous approaches for NADH regeneration have been developed, such as biological enzymatic catalysis, , chemical reduction, electrochemical method, , and photocatalysis. ,,− Among these, photocatalysis has the characteristics of mild reaction conditions and good biocompatibility and thereby has attracted growing attention. The photocatalysts used for NADH regeneration include titanium dioxide, , carbon nitride, − precious metals (especially platinum , and gold − ), organic conjugated polymer, − cadmium sulfide quantum dot, , etc. However, most photocatalysts can only work under continuous in situ irradiation, which limits the application of photocatalysis in dark environments (at night, in deep tissue, etc. )…”