A Versatile Color Confrontation Test for the Central Visual Field

Value of Red Targets and Pattern Deviation Plots in Visual Field Screening for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy

“…Early reports advocating red tangent screen or confrontation field testing gave no data with respect to brightness. 2,3,8 Mindel et al 9 compared red vs white targets with a projection perimeter and found in essence that red functioned as a dim white. Consistent with this view, the 2 patients who we tested with smaller white I targets (equivalent to dimmer targets) showed results similar to red testing (although subjectively they found red easier to see).…”

Confrontation visual field techniques in the detection of anterior visual pathway lesions

“…Although Frisen [4] warned against static presentations because of the effects of local retinal adaptation (Troxler effect), we found no difference in accuracy between kinetic and static methods and believe both should be used for corroboration.…”

“…Frisen [4] obtained slightly greater accuracy with a blue-green target than with a red one. Our choice of a red target was based on the following considerations (Fig 5).…”

“…The only other formal study of confrontation technique to which these results may be compared is that of Frisen [4], who presented a blue-green or red torch in a circular motion 10 to 20 degrees eccentric to fixation and asked patients to report areas of altered color perception. With pathological verification as the reference standard, his color technique was slightly more sensitive than conventional Goldmann perimetry in chiasmal and postchiasmal field defects.…”

“…Because color desaturation is an early manifestation of visual pathway disease [GI, each of these confrontation techniques has been tried with colored (especially red) targets [ 5 ] . Using a kinetic suprathreshold technique, Frisen [4] found color confrontation to be at least as accurate as a conventional kinetic achromatic technique performed on the Goldmann perimeter.…”