A vaccine delivery system promotes strong immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 variants

Lei, Zhiwei; Zhu, Leqing; Pan, Pan; Ruan, Zhihui; Gu, Yu; Xia, Xichun; Wang, Shengli; Ge, Weiwei; Yao, Yang‐Rong; Luo, Fazeng; Xiao, Heng; Guo, Jun; Ding, Qiang; Yin, Zhinan; Li, Yongkui; Luo, Zhen; Zhang, Qiwei; Chen, Xin; Wu, Jianguo

doi:10.1002/jmv.28475

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In addition to AM/CV, β-glucan-enriched yeasts with immunostimulatory properties have recently been tested as a vaccine vehicle and adjuvant. An extended-release vaccine delivery system (GP-diABZI-RBD) consisting of the original SARS-CoV-2 WA1 strain RBD as the antigen and diABZI STING agonist in conjunction with yeast β-glucan particles (GP-diABZI) has been tested [ 34 ]. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are the main targets of COVID-19 infection, with 12 to 61% of patients reported to have various gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, direct damage to intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, malnutrition, and intestinal flora disorders [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating a Vaccine-like Supplement against Respiratory Infection Using Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Natural Products

Chan

Tsang

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Vaccination is the most effective method of combating COVID-19 infection, but people with a psychological fear of needles and side effects are hesitant to receive the current vaccination, and alternative delivery methods may help. Bacillus subtilis, a harmless intestinal commensal, has recently earned a strong reputation as a vaccine production host and delivery vector, with advantages such as low cost, safety for human consumption, and straightforward oral administration. In this study, we have succeeded generating “S spores” by engineering B. subtilis with spore coat proteins resembling the spike (S) protein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. With the addition of two immunostimulating natural products as adjuvants, namely Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge (AM) and Coriolus versicolor (CV), oral administration of S spores could elicit mild immune responses against COVID-19 infection without toxicity. Mucosal IgA against the S protein was enhanced by co-feeding with AM and CV in an S spores-inoculated mouse model. Faster and stronger IgG responses against the S protein were observed when the mice were fed with S spores prior to vaccination with the commercial COVID-19 vaccine CoronaVac. In vitro studies demonstrated that AM, CV, and B. subtilis spores could dose-dependently activate both macrophages and dendritic cells by secreting innate immunity-related IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and some other proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. In conclusion, the combination of S spores with AM and CV may be helpful in developing a vaccine-like supplement against respiratory infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating a Vaccine-like Supplement against Respiratory Infection Using Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Natural Products

Chan

Tsang

et al. 2023

Molecules

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“…Subcutaneous injection was adopted in a murine model to evaluate antitumor efficacy and induced Th1/Th17 immune responses, characterized by the production of IL-17, and inhibited tumor growth by up to 91.8 % [ 88 ]. The intraperitoneal route was used in a β-glucan-based delivery system for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, showing a robust cellular and humoral immune response [ 89 ]. In a randomized clinical trial using a dendritic cell vaccine with YS for stage III/IV melanoma with intradermal application, there was an improvement in overall survival with no difference in progression-free survival [ 90 ].…”

Section: Administration Routes For Yeast Shellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding yeast shells: structure, properties and applications

Silva de Macêdo,

Sousa de Pinho,

Duarte Silva

et al. 2024

ADMET DMPK

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Background and purpose: The employment of yeasts for biomedical purposes has become increasingly frequent for the delivery of prophylactic and therapeutic products. Its structural components, such as β-glucans, mannan, and chitin, can be explored as immunostimulators that show safety and low toxicity. Besides, this system minimizes antigen degradation after administration, facilitating the delivery to the target cells. Review approach: This review sought to present molecules derived from yeast, called yeast shells (YS), and their applications as carrier vehicles for drugs, proteins, and nucleic acids for immunotherapy purposes. Furthermore, due to the diversity of information regarding the production and immunostimulation of these compounds, a survey of the protocols and immune response profiles generated was presented. Key results: The use of YS has allowed the development of strategies that combine efficiency and effectiveness in antigen delivery. The capsular structure can be recognized and phagocytized by dendritic cells and macrophages. In addition, the combination with different molecules, such as nanoparticles or even additional adjuvants, improves the cargo loading, enhancing the system. Activation by specific immune pathways can also be achieved by different administration routes. Conclusion: Yeast derivatives combined in different ways can increase immunostimulation, enhancing the delivery of medicines and vaccine antigens. These aspects, combined with the simplicity of the production steps, make these strategies more accessible to be applied in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

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“…To overcome these challenges, future research should focus on several areas: (1) There is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration between virologists, immunologists, and cell biologists to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of different coronaviruses and their interactions with host cells; (2) Novel vaccine strategies that provide “one shot to prevent multiple diseases” vaccine must be developed. This means that innovative approaches such as viral vector-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines, nanotechnology vaccines, and multi-epitope vaccines must be explored; (3) Collaboration and communication among researchers and industry stakeholders must be prioritized to ensure that research findings are translated into effective interventions that can benefit both animal and human health; (4) It should be noted that the majority of CoV vaccine candidates target the spike protein, which exhibits high variability, posing a challenge in providing long-term protection against newly emerging CoV strains; (5) In order to achieve the optimal immune effect of vaccines, new vaccine delivery routes, adjuvants, and novel approaches for the design, delivery, and administration of vaccine technologies should be continuously explored and applied [ 260 , 261 ].…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Safer Future: Enhancing Vaccine Development to Combat Animal Coronaviruses

Si,

Yu,

Dong

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large class of positively stranded RNA viruses that pose a significant threat to public health, livestock farming, and wild animals. These viruses have the ability to cross species barriers and cause devastating epidemics. Animals are considered to be intermediate hosts for many coronaviruses, and many animal coronaviruses also have the potential for cross-species transmission to humans. Therefore, controlling the epidemic transmission of animal coronaviruses is of great importance to human health. Vaccination programs have proven to be effective in controlling coronaviruses infections, offering a cost-effective approach to reducing morbidity and mortality, so the re-emergence of lethal coronaviruses emphasizes the urgent need for the development of effective vaccines. In this regard, we explore the progress in animal coronavirus vaccine development, covering the latest taxonomy of the main animal coronaviruses, spillover events, diverse vaccine development platforms, potential main targets for animal coronavirus vaccine development, and primary challenges facing animal coronavirus vaccines. We emphasize the urgent need to create a “dual-effect” vaccine capable of eliciting both cellular and humoral immune responses. The goal is to highlight the contributions of veterinary scientists in this field and emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between the veterinary and medical communities. By promoting communication and cooperation, we can enhance the development of novel and super vaccines to combat human and animal coronavirus infections in the future.

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A vaccine delivery system promotes strong immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 variants

Cited by 10 publications

References 50 publications

Creating a Vaccine-like Supplement against Respiratory Infection Using Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Natural Products

Creating a Vaccine-like Supplement against Respiratory Infection Using Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Natural Products

Understanding yeast shells: structure, properties and applications

Towards a Safer Future: Enhancing Vaccine Development to Combat Animal Coronaviruses

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