A V2G Strategy to Increase the Cost-benefit of Primary Frequency Regulation Considering EV Battery Degradation

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) will prevail in the near future and many EVs are expected to be parked all day or almost all day according to a survey in Japan. They can contribute as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) to primary frequency regulation in power systems. However, as lithium-ion battery or EV battery is still expensive, it is economically important to evaluate V2G frequency regulation cost. This paper proposes the evaluation method of the frequency regulation cost. The proposed method is based on the EV battery cost and longevity, which is shortened by performing the frequency regulation. The battery degradation consists of calendar aging and cycle aging, and an empirical model is used in this paper. Simulation results are shown using the proposed method under the various conditions such as state of charge (SoC) of the EV battery. Those results indicate a V2G control strategy to increase the cost-benefit of primary frequency regulation. K E Y W O R D Sbattery degradation, cost-benefit analysis, electric vehicles (EV), primary frequency regulation, vehicleto-grid (V2G) Electr Eng Jpn. 2020;212:11-22.

Hierarchical Optimization Model Based on V2G Technology

“…The model in reference [12] mentioned that the upper layer aims to minimize the fluctuation of the load curve, and the lower layer aims to minimize the distribution loss of the power plant and the cost of materials such as coal, power grid measurement and customer demand imbalance. In reference [13][14][15][16], a particle swarm optimization (PSO-RRB) algorithm is proposed to model the charging power limit without considering the different demands of users.…”