“…These beliefs precede direct experience with alcohol and are influenced by social contexts and role models such as family, peers, and mass media (Christiansen, Goldman, & Inn, 1982). Once established, they influence various aspects of alcohol use (Goldman, et al, 1991; Leigh & Stacy, 1991), including current drinking behaviors (for a review, see Baer, 2002; Critchlow, 1987; Leigh, 1987, 1989; Leigh & Stacy, 1993), future alcohol and drug use (Christiansen, Smith, Roehling, & Goldman, 1989; Stacy, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1991; Stacy, Widaman, & Marlatt, 1990), and alcohol dependence symptoms (Wood, Sher, & Strathman, 1996). Differences in AEs have been observed between subtypes of drinkers (e.g., lone vs. group problem drinkers, restrained and unrestrained drinkers), genders, and ethnicities (Bensley, 1991; Gustafson, 1993; Jones & McMahon, 1992; McMahon, Jones, & O'Donnell, 1994).…”