“…Alternative approaches focus on urinary physiology and include cystometry, uroflowmetry, contrast enhanced ultrasound, and others. These methods can identify voiding function differences between experimental groups (Bjorling et al, 2015;Keil et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2019;Ruetten et al, 2019Ruetten et al, , 2021Turco et al, 2020;Wegner et al, 2018Wegner et al, , 2020 but are not proven diagnostic assays. For example, it is currently not possible to apply, in a blinded fashion, a single voiding function assessment to a mouse and use the experimental outcomes to accurately predict the underlying disease etiology (e.g., diabetic diuresis, irritative voiding, obstructive voiding, neurogenic voiding, or other).…”