A universal equation for the electronic stopping of ions in solids

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

“…The Bragg peak is where most of the energy of the ionizing particle is deposited and the behavior of several physical systems under the effect of heavy particle irradiation depends on that information. For carbon ions, the energy of the ions at the top of the Bragg peak is nearly 250 KeV/amu [19,20], with an average charge state of approximately q = 3 [21]. Here, we report the general behavior of the branching ratios for positive ions production in collisions of C 3+ ions on water molecules at energies around the Bragg peak.…”

Application of Complex Exponential Functions to Integral Calculus and Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

“…Then the first order differential equation, Eq. 1, is combined with a simple the electronic stopping power formulation of Montenegro et al [1] . The first order differential equation to be used in the range calculation is the following:…”

“…These are mainly given by the electronic energy loss, nuclear energy loss, the second moment of nuclear energy loss. For calculating the electronic stopping power S e , the formulas derived by Montenegro et al [1] for ions moving in solid targets at non-relativistic velocities were used. These formulas differ from those used by Ziegler et al [9] applied to PRAL and also from those previously used by Bowyer et al [10] applied to KRAL.…”

“…We used the electronic stopping power of Montenegro et al [1] as an input quantity. We applied the technique from a previous work [2,3] to calculate proton and alpha particle ranges in NaI scintillator.…”

“…The stopping power of proton and alpha particle in NaI is calculated first by using the theoretical treatment of Montenegro et al [1] . The range calculation has been performed by using a technique that we developed in the earlier works [2,3] .…”