“…One of the early examples of aptasensors was developed for detecting thrombin, where a conformational change in the redox-labelled thrombinbound aptamer enabled detection. 158 Over the past twenty years, numerous aptamers have been selected and incorporated into electrochemical assays for detecting different classes of targets, including small molecules (e.g., glucose, adenosine), [159][160][161][162] nucleic acids, 146,163 proteins (e.g., infectious agents, hormones, receptors), 147,[164][165][166][167][168][169] extracellular vesicles, 170,171 and cancer cells. 172,173 Even though such advancements are promising, the degradation of aptamers by nucleases in biological samples is an ongoing concern.…”