A unified theory for microstructural alterations in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue

Fu, Hanwei; Rivera-Dı́az-del-Castillo, P.E.J.

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2018.05.056

Cited by 62 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It can be seen that a higher density of dark patches in the region (ferrite) contribute to the reduction in hardness given that these patches are depleted from carbon. The model also linked the region with the severest martensite decay to the depth with the maximum orthogonal shear stress in accordance to literature [87,150,160]. It has been suggested that DER forms when the orthogonal shear stress τ yz exceeded 0.56 GPa [143].…”

Section: Der Featuressupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Optical micrographs of DER in martensitic 100Cr6 steel bearing inner ring can be seen in Figure 13 where DER is parallel to the surface in the circumferential section but appear as a sickle shape in the axial section corresponding to the size of Hertzian contact area. DER is a consequence of martensite decay under RCF due to stress-induced phase transformations [2,3,6,8,13,24,86,90,143,147,[149][150][151][152]. The altered microstructure consists of a ferritic phase with inhomogeneously distributed excess carbon corresponding to the parent martensite [13,143,153,154].…”

Section: Microstructural Alterations: Dark Etching Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, no chemical element re-distribution occurs throughout the recrystallization process of the dark etching regions. Primary spheroidised particles remain unaltered both crystallographically and chemically whereas the retained austenite is transformed in the altered region to martensite [13,160]. Electron diffraction patterns indicate that the original plates of martensite are deformed as each plate consists of significant misorientations in the form of a cell structure [159].…”

Section: Causes Of Dermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

115

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Rolling bearings are one of the most widely used components in industrial machinery. If suitably mounted, loaded, lubricated and isolated from contamination, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is believed to be the most probable mode of failure resulting in subsurface originated failures. Over the past several decades many researchers have studied the failure and microstructural alterations in bearings such as dark etching regions and white etching bands and how operating conditions such as pressure, temperature and running time impact them during RCF. This paper aims to provide an overview of such alterations, their properties, formation mechanisms and impact on bearing failure.

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Section: Der Featuressupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Microstructural Alterations: Dark Etching Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Causes Of Dermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Laithy

Wang

Harvey

et al. 2019

Tribology International

115

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“…It is generally accepted that LCs are re-precipitated by consuming the carbon from ferrite bands [3,8,9]. The microstructure of ferrite bands, on the other hand, is composed of carbide-free dislocation cells [6], which resembles that caused by severe plastic deformation (SPD) [10][11][12]. The mechanism of such carbon segregation during the WEB formation process was recently explained and modelled by Fu et al [6] with a novel dislocation-assisted carbon migration theory based on the Cottrell atmosphere theory [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of White Etching Bands in 100Cr6 Bearing Steel under Rolling Contact-Fatigue

Rivera-Dı́az-del-Castillo

2019

Metals

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The formation of white etching bands (WEBs) occurs at the subsurface of rolling contact-fatigued bearing inner rings, exhibiting microstructural decay detrimental to bearing life. Despite the fact that WEBs have been observed in bearing steels for nearly 70 years, the understanding of WEB formation is still limited and mostly qualitative. Therefore, a systematic investigation is carried out in this research to reveal the evolution of WEBs with respect to the number of contact cycles. WEBs formed at different stages are reproduced by full-scale bearing RCF tests with predetermined numbers of cycles. Multi-scale characterisation techniques such as optical microscopy, micro-indentation, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are conducted on the microstructural alterations to study the development and microstructure of WEBs. WEBs are found in the absence of dark etching regions which is attributed to the heat treatment. With an increasing number of cycles, WEBs grow in number density and in all three dimensions, and their formation is found to be controlled by the maximum shear stress component. Ferrite bands within WEBs that contain dislocation cells manifest accumulated plastic strain in the material. Based on the characterisation results, the evolution of plastic strain under RCF is quantified.

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“…Finally, it is worth noticing that no microstructrual alterations (white etching areas, dark etching regions or white etching bands) [16,10] were found in any fatigued specimens from this research. This could be due to the low RCF testing temperature which is insufficient to activate effective carbon-dislocation interaction for strain-induced carbon redistribution [37,38,39]. • RCF tests were carried out using flat-washer and ball-on-rod methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between 100Cr6 steelmaking, inclusion microstructure and rolling contact fatigue performance

Rydel

Gola

et al. 2019

International Journal of Fatigue

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A processing-microstructure-performance approach is followed to study three bearing steel samples manufactured from the most frequently used continuous casting routes. The inclusion microstructures of the samples were altered by varying the metallurgy and hot working conditions. Inclusion size distribution information is obtained, showing the steel-making route that results in the highest cleanliness. 3D analysis of inclusion morphologies using electrolytic extraction indicates the irregularities on the surface to be favourable sites for crack nucleation under RCF. Flat-washer and ball-on-rod tests were conducted to study the rolling contact fatigue life of the steels, with the results from the flatwasher testing method being more representative for bearing life. This research suggests that early fatigue of bearings is governed by silicate fragmentation and late fatigue by TiN inclusions.

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A unified theory for microstructural alterations in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue

Cited by 62 publications

References 35 publications

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Further understanding of rolling contact fatigue in rolling element bearings - A review

Evolution of White Etching Bands in 100Cr6 Bearing Steel under Rolling Contact-Fatigue

The relationship between 100Cr6 steelmaking, inclusion microstructure and rolling contact fatigue performance

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