A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind‐driven waves

Elfouhaily, Tanos; Chapron, Bertrand; Katsaros, Kristina B.; Vandemark, D.

doi:10.1029/97jc00467

Cited by 1,052 publications

(1,092 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…where Φ(k, ϕ) is the 2-D sea spectrum related to the wind speedU and direction ϕ and the Elfouhaily spectrum [24] is adopted in this paper. Υ(k) is a complex normal distributed random series and "*" represents the conjugation operation.…”

Section: Hydrodynamic Model Of Surface Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Wang¹,

Min²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PIER B

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Abstract-The principal purpose of this work is the simulation of the ship wake in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging based on a facet scattering model. The hydrodynamic model of the surface waves mainly considers the Kelvin wake waves and the wind driven waves. For the prediction of radar returns from the composite surface, the semi-deterministic facet scattering model (SDFSM) is proposed, which is verified to have good performance through a comparison with the experiment by SASS-II. Then, the distributions of backscattering normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of facets are investigated for both V V and HH polarizations and characteristics of the wake pattern are shown with good visibility. On the basis of these, an application of velocity bunching (VB) imaging model is presented in detail for the simulation of SAR imaging of sea surface waves with Kelvin wake. Finally, several numerical results provide states of the effects of ship speed, wind speed and the ship sailing direction on the characteristics of Kelvin wake in SAR images. Thus, this simulation may enable us to provide a theoretical basis to the detection of ship wakes.

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Section: Hydrodynamic Model Of Surface Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Wang¹,

Min²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PIER B

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“…In particular capillary and capillary-gravity waves in the wavelength (L) range of 0.7-3 cm are most affected by the wind friction (Jähne and Riemer, 1990). We use the wave spectrum as it is proposed by Elfouhaily et al (1997) where k is the angular wavenumber (=2π/L), subscripts LW and SW indicate the long-and short-wave frequencies, and B stands for the curvature spectra. In order to straightforwardly distinguish the pure wind effects on the light field, we first use the short-wave part of the spectrum only.…”

Section: Description Of the Sea Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). The wind-dependent high-frequency part is based on the work of Elfouhaily et al (1997) (and their references). The colourcoding in Fig.…”

Section: Description Of the Sea Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

On the influence of wind and waves on underwater irradiance fluctuations

Hieronymi

Macke

2012

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The influence of various wind and wave conditions on the variability of downwelling irradiance E d (490 nm) in water is subject of this study. The work is based on a two-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer model with high spatial resolution. The model assumes conditions that are ideal for wave focusing, thus simulation results reveal the upper limit for light fluctuations. Local wind primarily determines the steepness of capillary-gravity waves which in turn dominate the irradiance variability near the surface. Down to 3 m depth, maximum irradiance peaks that exceed the mean irradiance E d by a factor of more than 7 can be observed at low wind speeds up to 5 m s −1 . The strength of irradiance fluctuations can be even amplified under the influence of higher ultra-gravity waves; thereby peaks can exceed 11 E d . Sea states influence the light field much deeper; gravity waves can cause considerable irradiance variability even at 100 m depth. The simulation results show that under realistic conditions 50 % radiative enhancements compared to the mean can still occur at 30 m depth. At greater depths, the underwater light variability depends on the wave steepness of the characteristic wave of a sea state; steeper waves cause stronger light fluctuations.

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“…The Elfouhaily spectrum is employed [25]. It was derived from oceanographic and wave tank measurements, with the nice property that the surface slope distribution derived by this spectrum is in agreement with the Cox-Munk distribution [25]. To describe ocean surfaces, besides the Elfouhaily spectrum, there are other popular spectra, including the Pierson-Moskowitz (PM) spectrum [26] and the Durden-Vesecky (DV) spectrum [27].…”

Section: Performance Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cutoff wavenumbers for T3SM are k 2 by which 4k 2 cos 2 θ i ∞ k 2 S(k)dk = 0.09 for SSW and ISW separation and k 1 by which 4k 2 cos 2 θ i k 2 k 1 S(k)dk = 9 for ISW and LSW separation [7]. The Elfouhaily spectrum is employed [25]. It was derived from oceanographic and wave tank measurements, with the nice property that the surface slope distribution derived by this spectrum is in agreement with the Cox-Munk distribution [25].…”

Section: Performance Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Two-Scale and Three-Scale Models for Bistatic Electromagnetic Scattering From Ocean Surfaces

Luo¹,

Du²

2013

PIER

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Abstract-With rapid development of satellite technology in monitoring the ocean, a good understanding of the physical processes involved in the electromagnetic ocean-surface interaction is required. The composite surface models are usually applied in the analysis of the interaction, hence a systematical check of their region of validity is desirable. Based on a generalized minimal residual procedure which is right preconditioned (GMRES-RP) that we have recently developed which has demonstrated the desirable properties of a numerical algorithm: robust and efficient, in this paper, for bistatic scattering from one dimensional ocean surfaces, we carry out a systematic assessment of the performance of the popular two-scale model and the advanced three-scale model under different conditions of ocean surface wind speeds, polarizations, frequencies, and incidence angles. It is found that the two-scale model in general captures the bistatic scattering pattern, yet the accuracy of geometrical optics (GO) for the large scale wave brings considerable impact on the overall accuracy. If the evaluation of the contribution of the large scale wave is instead using direct numerical integration for the corresponding Kirchhoff integral, impressive improvements are frequently observed, especially at low frequency (L and C bands) and low wind speed (3 m/s). But care should be taken when apply two-scale method with numerical integration, since there are cases where visible discrepancy with method of moment (MoM) are observed. On the other hand, the threescale model is found in very good agreement with MoM across the considered ocean surface wind speeds, polarizations, frequencies, and incidence angles, hence represents a much advanced model over the two-scale model.

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A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind‐driven waves

Cited by 1,052 publications

References 52 publications

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

Application of Facet Scattering Model in Sar Imaging of Sea Surface Waves With Kelvin Wake

On the influence of wind and waves on underwater irradiance fluctuations

Comparison of the Two-Scale and Three-Scale Models for Bistatic Electromagnetic Scattering From Ocean Surfaces

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