A type III effector ADP-ribosylates RNA-binding proteins and quells plant immunity

Fu, Zheng Qing; Guo, Ming; Jeong, Byeong‐ryool; Tian, Fang; Elthon, Thomas E.; Cerny, Ronald L.; Staiger, Dorothee; Alfano, James R.

doi:10.1038/nature05737

Cited by 336 publications

(361 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Third, several pathogen effectors have chloroplast localization signals, 24 and in some cases they have been shown to suppress immunity. 25,26 In plants, the molecular events that lead to HR during ETI are partly overlapping with those associated with MTI, including accumulation of SA, ROS and NOI, activation of MAPK cascades, changes in intracellular calcium levels, transcriptional reprogramming and synthesis of antimicrobial compounds. 23 Compared with MTI, ETI is typically an accelerated and amplified response, suggesting that quantitative rather than qualitative differences account for HR induction.…”

Section: Immune Surveillance Systems In Plants and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

2011

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Cell death has a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Besides sharing striking convergences and similarities in the overall evolutionary organization of their innate immune systems, both plants and animals can respond to infection and pathogen recognition with programmed cell death. The fact that plant and animal pathogens have evolved strategies to subvert specific cell death modalities emphasizes the essential role of cell death during immune responses. The hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in plants displays morphological features, molecular architectures and mechanisms reminiscent of different inflammatory cell death types in animals (pyroptosis and necroptosis). In this review, we describe the molecular pathways leading to cell death during innate immune responses. Additionally, we present recently discovered caspase and caspase-like networks regulating cell death that have revealed fascinating analogies between cell death control across both kingdoms.

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Section: Immune Surveillance Systems In Plants and Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

2011

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“…Some effectors, particularly bacterial T3SS effectors, are enzymes that biochemically modify host molecules, typically impeding their function or eliminating them (Cunnac et al 2009;Deslandes and Rivas 2012). The enzymatic activities of effectors are diverse and include protease, hydrolase, phosphatase, kinase, transferase, and ubiquitin ligase activities (Shao et al 2003;Abramovitch et al 2006b;Janjusevic et al 2006;Fu et al 2007;Lee et al 2012a;Rodriguez-Herva et al 2012;van Damme et al 2012). Other effectors do not carry enzymatic activities and act by binding host proteins to modulate their functions.…”

Section: Host-cell Targets Of Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Win

Chaparro-Garcia

Belhaj

et al. 2012

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

342

329

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Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the biology of plants. The field of plant-biotic interactions has recently coalesced around an integrated model. Major classes of molecular players both from plants and their associated organisms have been revealed. These include cell surface and intracellular immune receptors of plants as well as apoplastic and host-cell-translocated (cytoplasmic) effectors of the invading organism. This article focuses on effectors, molecules secreted by plant-associated organisms that alter plant processes. Effectors have emerged as a central class of molecules in our integrated view of plant-microbe interactions. Their study has significantly contributed to advancing our knowledge of plant hormones, plant development, plant receptors, and epigenetics. Many pathogen effectors are extraordinary examples of biological innovation; they include some of the most remarkable proteins known to function inside plant cells. Here, we review some of the key concepts that have emerged from the study of the effectors of plant-associated organisms. In particular, we focus on how effectors function in plant tissues and discuss future perspectives in the field of effector biology.

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“…T3Es commonly contain sequences addressing specific eukaryotic subcellular localizations (10,11) and enzymatic activities (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) that disrupt and/or suppress PTI. Known targets of T3Es include plasma membrane-localized receptor complexes (13,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), downstream MAPK cascades (24,25), the stability of defenserelated transcripts (26), phytoalexin biosynthesis (27), and vesicle trafficking (28).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopAF1 suppresses plant immunity by targeting methionine recycling to block ethylene induction

Washington

Mukhtar

Finkel

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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HopAF1 is a type III effector protein of unknown function encoded in the genomes of several strains of Pseudomonas syringae and other plant pathogens. Structural modeling predicted that HopAF1 is closely related to deamidase proteins. Deamidation is the irreversible substitution of an amide group with a carboxylate group. Several bacterial virulence factors are deamidases that manipulate the activity of specific host protein substrates. We identified Arabidopsis methylthioadenosine nucleosidase proteins MTN1 and MTN2 as putative targets of HopAF1 deamidation. MTNs are enzymes in the Yang cycle, which is essential for the high levels of ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We hypothesized that HopAF1 inhibits the host defense response by manipulating MTN activity and consequently ethylene levels. We determined that bacterially delivered HopAF1 inhibits ethylene biosynthesis induced by pathogenassociated molecular patterns and that Arabidopsis mtn1 mtn2 mutant plants phenocopy the effect of HopAF1. Furthermore, we identified two conserved asparagines in MTN1 and MTN2 from Arabidopsis that confer loss of function phenotypes when deamidated via site-specific mutation. These residues are potential targets of HopAF1 deamidation. HopAF1-mediated manipulation of Yang cycle MTN proteins is likely an evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby HopAF1 orthologs from multiple plant pathogens contribute to disease in a large variety of plant hosts.

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A type III effector ADP-ribosylates RNA-binding proteins and quells plant immunity

Cited by 336 publications

References 41 publications

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

Programmed cell death in the plant immune system

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopAF1 suppresses plant immunity by targeting methionine recycling to block ethylene induction

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