A Two-Time-Period Comparison of the Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Outpatient Visits for Acute Respiratory Illnesses

Sinclair, Amber H.; Edgerton, Eric S.; Wyzga, Ronald E.; Tolsma, Dennis

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.60.2.163

Cited by 38 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Studies using NIOSH protocols have found associations between respiratory outcomes and both EC 24 and OC, 24,25 and associations between cardiovascular outcomes and both EC 2,25,26,27 and OC 25 . Likewise, studies using IMPROVE measurement methods have found associations between respiratory outcomes and both EC 28-30 and OC [28][29][30][31] and associations between cardiovascular outcomes and both EC 30,32-34 and OC. 30,[32][33][34] As studies have been conducted in different locations and have considered different specific outcomes, the results of previous studies using different EC and OC measurement methods cannot be directly compared with each other or with the results of this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Impact of ambient fine particulate matter carbon measurement methods on observed associations with acute cardiorespiratory morbidity

Winquist

Schauer

Turner

et al. 2014

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) represent a substantial portion of particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), and have been associated with adverse health effects. EC and OC are commonly measured using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method or the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) method. Measurement method differences could have an impact on observed epidemiologic associations. Daily speciated PM2.5 data were obtained from the St Louis-Midwest Supersite, and St Louis emergency department (ED) visit data were obtained from the Missouri Hospital Association for the period June 2001 to April 2003. We assessed acute associations between cardiorespiratory ED visits and EC and OC from NIOSH and IMPROVE methods using Poisson generalized linear models controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. Associations were generally similar for EC and OC from the different measurement methods. The most notable difference between methods was observed for congestive heart failure and EC (for example, warm season rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) per interquartile range change in EC concentration were: NIOSH=1.06 (0.99-1.13), IMPROVE=1.01 (0.96-1.07)). Overall, carbon measurement method had little impact on acute associations between EC, OC, and ED visits. Some specific differences were observed, however, which may be related to particle composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Impact of ambient fine particulate matter carbon measurement methods on observed associations with acute cardiorespiratory morbidity

Winquist

Schauer

Turner

et al. 2014

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…In China, Zn has the highest concentration of all heavy metals in raw MSW and incinerator residues. Oxidized Zn is a soluble and mobile trace metal under acidic conditions, making it one of the most phytotoxic microelements (Roberts et al, 2002), and zinc extraction toxicity is still included in the criteria for hazardous wastes identification in many countries (Hesterberg et al, 1997;Sinclair et al, 2010). In this study, Zn composition and speciation in sized fly ash particles collected from hot flue-gases after the heat recovery unit and before APC system in a 200 t/d circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and a 150 t/d moving grate incinerator are analyzed with XANES and EXAFS spectroscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of zinc vapor condensation in fly ash particles using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Cai

Huang

Alhadj-Mallah

et al. 2015

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A

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Heavy metals released from municipal solid waste incinerators have become a major environmental concern. A comprehensive knowledge of metal vapor condensation in fly ash particles during incineration is essential for alleviating heavy metal toxicity, and for optimizing incineration process parameters and flue-gas cleaning systems. In this paper, the condensation of zinc vapor during flue-gas cooling in a 200 t/d fluidized bed incinerator and a 150 t/d moving grate incinerator was characterized and comparatively studied using high resolution synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Principal component analysis, target transformation, and linear combination fitting were employed to identify zinc species directly from size fractionated fly ash particles. The chemical reaction behaviors of different zinc species were described by thermodynamic equilibrium simulations. Consistent with previous theoretical analysis and laboratory scale tests, the condensation behavior of zinc in an industrial incineration system is mainly affected by the sulfur/chlorine ratio and the inorganic particulates. It is found that zinc chloride is the major zinc species in a moving grate incinerator but willemite dominates in the fluidized bed incinerator. The high sulfur and silica/alumina particle concentration in the fluidized bed system changes the condensation propensity of vapors of Zn compounds. Adjusting the concentrations of SO 2 in flue-gas can inhibit the formation of zinc chlorides. Silica, alumina, aluminosilicates, and calcium-based compounds are potential sorbents for transforming zinc to less harmful species. To prevent toxic zinc species contained in fine particles from escaping into the atmosphere, wet scrubbers are more suitable for cleaning flue-gases in moving grate incineration systems, while improving the efficiency of dust removal is more important for fluidized bed incineration systems.

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“…The health effect of other air pollutants is explored in many researches, e.g., fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) [2,9,16]. Conclusions different from this paper are drawn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Quantification of the Exposure–Lag–Response Association Between Air Pollution and Respiratory Disease Morbidity in Chongqing City, China

Xia

Wang

et al. 2018

Environ Model Assess

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The health effects of air pollution on respiratory disease morbidity and mortality commonly vary with air pollutants' intensity and latency after exposure. However, the exposure-lag-response association is seldom explored, especially in China, where the smog has led to public displays of dissatisfaction and became a big political issue. In this study, the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) and the generalized additive model (GAM) was used to estimate the relative risk of air pollution exposure history for respiratory disease admission in Chongqing City, China. The results reveals that the health effect of inhalable particulate matter (PM 10 ) can be estimated using a cross-basis by combining two linear functions that respectively model the exposure-response curve and lag-response curve. The risks of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure are insignificant. The relative risk of PM 10 exposure decreases as time goes by. The greater PM 10 intensity, the more quickly the relative risk decreases. The relative risk is higher than 1.0 in 0 to 23 days after exposure. The greater PM 10 intensity, the higher the relative risk is. On the contrary, the relative risk is lower than 1.0 after 23 days. The greater PM 10 intensity, the lower the relative risk is. This study clarified the health effects of air pollution on respiratory disease admissions and can be used to predict the relative risk of air pollution or the cumulative health effect of a history of air pollution exposure in Chongqing City.

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A Two-Time-Period Comparison of the Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Outpatient Visits for Acute Respiratory Illnesses

Cited by 38 publications

References 4 publications

Impact of ambient fine particulate matter carbon measurement methods on observed associations with acute cardiorespiratory morbidity

Impact of ambient fine particulate matter carbon measurement methods on observed associations with acute cardiorespiratory morbidity

Characterization of zinc vapor condensation in fly ash particles using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Quantification of the Exposure–Lag–Response Association Between Air Pollution and Respiratory Disease Morbidity in Chongqing City, China

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