For powering small electronic devices in a variety of applications, such as wireless sensor networks, wearable electronics, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, microscale energy harvesting devices have emerged as a promising alternative. These gadgets make it possible to collect ambient energy from the environment and transform it into usable electrical energy, doing away with the need for traditional battery power sources and providing long-lasting and sustainable operation.In order to increase their energy conversion efficiency and power output, the creation and optimisation of microscale energy harvesting devices are the main topics of this study. With each application's unique requirements and characteristics in mind, several energy harvesting technologies, including solar, thermal, vibrational, and electromagnetic ones, are investigated. Achieving optimal performance depends on choosing the right materials, fabrication methods, and device topologies.Energy transducers, energy storage components, and power management circuits are just a few of the components of the device that must be designed and engineered as part of the optimisation process. The performance of the energy harvesting devices is analysed and evaluated using cutting-edge modelling and simulation approaches under various operating situations. To ensure effective power storage and usage, methods for energy management and power conditioning are also being researched.This paper covers the difficulties and restrictions faced by microscale energy collecting devices, including the restricted amount of energy available, the variable nature of energy sources, and the influence of environmental factors. It is discussed how to improve the performance of the entire system using techniques like energy source monitoring algorithms, adaptive power management, and energy harvesting system integration.