A two-state Markov chain model for slug flow in horizontal ducts

A New Contactless Cross-Correlation Velocity Measurement System for Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow

“…The velocity measurement method based on the cross-correlation velocity measurement principle [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] is an effective method that has been applied and studied for many years [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. The basic principle of cross-correlation is shown in Figure 1 [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

“…Based on the principle of cross-correlation velocity measurement, upstream and downstream flow information can be obtained by different types of sensors [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], such as optical sensors [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], acoustic/ultrasonic sensors [ 17 , 18 , 27 ], and electrical sensors [ 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 ]. Velocity measurement with electrical sensors is applied by many researchers due to its advantages of good real-time performance, a simple sensor structure, and high safety [ 1 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 ]. Common electrical sensors include wire-mesh sensors [ 16 ], the conductivity probe [ 20 ], and ring conductivity electrodes [ 19 , 24 ].…”

“…Velocity measurement with electrical sensors is applied by many researchers due to its advantages of good real-time performance, a simple sensor structure, and high safety [ 1 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 ]. Common electrical sensors include wire-mesh sensors [ 16 ], the conductivity probe [ 20 ], and ring conductivity electrodes [ 19 , 24 ]. However, in the existing research, velocity measurement is mainly implemented by contact electrical sensors, and when applied to small channels, it may suffer from the problems of electrochemical corrosion, electrode polarization, and flow interference [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

“…The velocity measurement method based on the cross-correlation velocity measurement principle [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] is an effective method that has been applied and studied for many years [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The basic principle of cross-correlation is shown in Figure 1 [13][14][15].…”

“…Based on the principle of cross-correlation velocity measurement, upstream and downstream flow information can be obtained by different types of sensors [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], such as optical sensors [29][30][31], acoustic/ultrasonic sensors [17,18,27], and electrical sensors [16,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]28]. Velocity measurement with electrical sensors is applied by many researchers due to its advantages of good real-time performance, a simple sensor structure, and high safety [1,16,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]28].…”