A Two-Stage Localization Scheme with Partition Handling for Data Tagging in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Abstract

Knowledge about the geographic coordinates of underwater sensor nodes is of primary importance for many applications and protocols of under water sensor networks (UWSNs) thus making localization of sensor nodes a crucial part of underwater network design. In case of mobile underwater sensor network, location estimation becomes challenging not only due to the need for periodic tracking of nodes, but also due to network partitioning caused by the pseudo-random mobility of nodes. Our proposed technique accomplishes the task of localization in two stages: (1) relative localization of sensor nodes with respect to a reference node at regular intervals during sensing operation. (2) Offline absolute localization of sensor nodes using absolute coordinates of the reference node and relative locations estimated during stage 1. As our protocol deals with mobile underwater sensor networks that may introduce network partitioning, we also propose a partition handling routine to deal with network partitions to achieve high localization coverage. The major design goal of our work is to maximize localization coverage while keeping communication overhead minimum, thus achieving better energy efficiency. Major contributions of this paper are: (1) Two energy efficient relative localization techniques, and (2) A partition handling strategy that ensures localization of partitioned nodes.

A Comprehensive Survey of the Recently Proposed Localization Protocols for Underwater Sensor Networks

“…In [33], the authors propose a two stage localization scheme for partitioned UWSNs. Each node is assumed to hosts three non-collinearly positioned antennae for position estimation using trilateration.…”

“…For instance free mobility may introduce network partitioning in which case a set of nodes may not be able to receive localization beacons/neighborhood information and therefore will remain unlocalized. Partition handling mechanisms [33,50], must be investigated to cope up with such situations. Moreover, the prevalent network architectures, which mostly assume fixed reference nodes and limited range stand useless when underwater nodes are unable to communicate with the fixed reference nodes as they move away due to free mobility.…”

“…Moreover, the prevalent network architectures, which mostly assume fixed reference nodes and limited range stand useless when underwater nodes are unable to communicate with the fixed reference nodes as they move away due to free mobility. Some new network architectures for such scenarios are proposed in [33,50]. However research is required to further refine the solutions.…”

A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

“…Location-based routing schemes require location estimates of sensor nodes to determine routes for data forwarding. Location estimation can be achieved using suitable localization services, such as those proposed in [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Table 1 analyzes these protocols based on a number of parameters explained in Section 1.…”

River Water Pollution Monitoring using Multiple Sensor System of WSNs

“…Real-time water quality monitoring system using WSNs are popular in recent year because of the advantages of technology to collect data and information through the sensor node. The requirement for continuous data monitoring for water quality in a real-time system to establish the trend and predict to determine behavior from the history as discussed in [5][6][7][8][9]. A biological sensing system for detection water quality is a method to detect bacteria using a computer vision system in analysis, the water pollutant with chemical contamination be able to analysis as discussed in [10][11][12].…”