A two-generation reproduction study to assess the effects of cows' milk on reproductive development in male and female rats

Ganmaa, Davaasambuu; Qin, Li–Qiang; Wang, Peiyu; Tezuka, Hiroyasu; Teramoto, Shoji; Sato, Akio

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.073

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Also, this study addressed whether any correlation existed between fat content of the milk and an estrogenic effect. Previous studies using the rat model have shown estrogenic effects of cow milk on the rat uterus (Ganmaa et al, 2004(Ganmaa et al, , 2006, but this is the first study to also examine possible effects on the nervous system. Estrogens, when bound to estrogen receptors in the hippocampus, have been known to result in anxiolytic effects in mammals (Walf and Frye, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Unfortunately, due to lack of consistent experimental design, supplies, animals, and procedures, it is difficult to make any broad conclusions regarding this topic. The current study was designed in a similar manner to those previously published by Ganmaa et al (2004Ganmaa et al ( , 2006; however, there were some notable differences. For example, animals in this study were fed milk along with chow pellets, whereas the Ganmaa et al (2004Ganmaa et al ( , 2006 studies used a chow powder that was mixed with milk or artificial milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current study was designed in a similar manner to those previously published by Ganmaa et al (2004Ganmaa et al ( , 2006; however, there were some notable differences. For example, animals in this study were fed milk along with chow pellets, whereas the Ganmaa et al (2004Ganmaa et al ( , 2006 studies used a chow powder that was mixed with milk or artificial milk. However, previous investigations have shown no estrogenic effects on behavior when the pellet chow was compared with a low-soy rat chow (A. M. Davis, unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Furnari

Maroun

Gyawali

et al. 2012

Journal of Dairy Science

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Recently, many studies have investigated potential estrogenic compounds in the human diet. Several of these investigations have studied cow milk, a mainstay of the diets of both young and old. In vitro studies have determined that estrogens can be found in milk, and that the concentration of estrogen may be correlated to the fat content in the milk. Regardless, the majority of these studies have concluded that the levels of estrogens in milk are too low to have a physiological effect. However, a recent study found that commercial 1% cow milk was uterotrophic in rats, suggesting that it contained biologically significant levels of estrogen. Using the rat model, we tested milk samples from commercial sources and with varying fat content for estrogenic activity. Ovariectomized female rats were given milk ad libitum for a period of 2 wk. After 12 d of treatment, rats were tested sequentially in an open field and an elevated plus maze to determine any effect of milk on anxiety levels. Upon completion of the behavior testing, uterine weights were examined. Regardless of milk type, no difference was observed in daily volume of milk consumed. Contrary to previous publications, no differences existed in either the behavior or the uterine weights between animals that consumed any milk type and the negative controls. These results demonstrated that none of the commercial milk types that we tested contained biologically significant estrogenic activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Furnari

Maroun

Gyawali

et al. 2012

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Additionally, milk itself contains considerable amounts of estrogens due to the fact that commercial milk is mainly produced by pregnant cows in developed countries. Because 17β‐estradiol, an estrogen, is a carcinogen for prostate cancer, estrogen contained in milk and enhanced by milk fat should not be ignored when considering milk as a risk factor for prostate cancer (Ganmaa and others ; Qin and others , b).…”

Section: Cancer‐induced Effects Of Milk and Milk Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Milk and Milk Products Consumption on Cancer: A Review

Davoodi

Esmaeili

Mortazavian

2013

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

116

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“…Studies of dairy intake and male fertility have been equivocal (38)(39)(40). Although chance variation is the most likely explanation for variation in results across cohorts, another contributing factor could be greater exposure to antibiotics (41)(42)(43) and estrogens (44)(45)(46)(47) from commercial dairy products in North America.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy intake and fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies

Wise

Wesselink

Mikkelsen

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Animal studies have shown that a high intake of galactose, a breakdown product of lactose, increases ovarian toxicity. Few epidemiologic studies, to our knowledge, have examined the association between dairy intake and fertility, and they have had conflicting findings. Objective: We prospectively evaluated dairy intake in relation to fecundability among women who were planning for pregnancy. Design: Data were derived from preconception cohort studies in Denmark (Snart Foraeldre) and North America [PRESTO (Pregnancy Study Online)] in which women completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire 10 d after enrollment. The dietary intake of dairy foods and their constituents was calculated based on reported frequencies, mean serving sizes, and standard recipes for mixed foods. Outcome data were updated every 8 wk for 12 mo or until reported conception. Analyses were restricted to 2426 women attempting pregnancy for #6 cycles at study entry. Fecundability ratios (FRs) and 95% CIs were estimated with the use of proportional probabilities regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results: FRs for total dairy intake ($18 compared with ,7 servings/wk) were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.78) among 1126 Snart Foraeldre participants and 1.04 (95% CI: 0.78, 1.38) among 1300 PRESTO participants (pooled FR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.31). The elevated FR for total dairy intake among Snart Foraeldre participants was limited to milk consumption and found only among women aged ,30 y. There was no clear association between low-or high-fat dairy intake and fecundability in either cohort. Although there was little evidence of an association between dietary intake of calcium, potassium, magnesium, or vitamin D and fecundability, a greater consumption of phosphorus and lactose was associated with slightly higher fecundability in both cohorts. Conclusions: Associations between dairy intake and fecundability were generally small and inconsistent across cohorts. Our findings do not support the hypotheses that a greater consumption of high-fat dairy improves fertility or that a greater consumption of lactose or low-fat dairy harms fertility.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:100-10.

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A two-generation reproduction study to assess the effects of cows' milk on reproductive development in male and female rats

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Lack of biologically active estrogens in commercial cow milk

Effects of Milk and Milk Products Consumption on Cancer: A Review

Dairy intake and fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies

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