A two-factor authentication system using Radio Frequency Identification and watermarking technology

Abstract

Counterfeiting has been growing at an alarming rate worldwide. The increasing number of counterfeit products has penetrated into various industries, especially the luxury goods industry. Numerous anti-counterfeit and product authentication technologies are available to combat this problem. At present, the verification principle in product authentication mainly relies on optical detection and security feature identification which require human experts or machines to determine the product's genuineness. As a result, the current approach to product authentication presents formidable challenges to customers in determining the product's authenticity. Attempted to address the challenges, this paper proposes a Watermark-RFID based Selfvalidation System (WARDS) that provides a self-validation and two-factor authentication approach through integration of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and watermark technology by means of a mobile platform. The system architecture and a framework for development of WARDS are presented. Critical issues at different stages of constructing WARDS in organizations are identified. Furthermore, the capability, benefits and advantages of using the proposed system in combating counterfeiting problems are illustrated in the findings of a trial implementation presented in this paper.

A secured tag for implementation of traceability in textile and clothing supply chain

“…A significant research has been carried out in the past to develop various technologies to prevent counterfeiting and/or tracking and tracing the product in a supply chain [20][21][22]. There are authentication technologies that aim to identify counterfeits without tracing the product footprint in the supply chain.…”

“…Feature-based identification techniques are useful for differentiating the original product from counterfeits [21]. These are most widely used technologies for product authentication but do not support product tracking.…”

“…They also find application in pharmaceutical or food products, contamination or counterfeiting of which can lead to serious health consequences 3.1 Secured RFIDs a. Watermarking and RFID-based self-validation system (WARDS): two-factor authentication system. Uses scanned watermark information from labels along with product's identification code from RFIDs as a two-factor authentication system [21] b. Physical unclonable function (PUF) based RFIDs: RFID IC chip equipped with PUF to prevent product clonability [33] c. Fingerprinting RFID tags: prevent cloning by using physical attributes or features based on minimum power responses measured at multiple frequencies [34] d. Other examples can be found in [35,36] 3.2 Secured barcodes/QR codes a. Cryptographic barcode [6] for traceability and brand authentication in the textile industry.…”

Analysis of anti-counterfeiting tactics to diffuse consumer demand

“…• technological possibilities available, in terms of track-and-trace, overt and covert solutions (Acken 1998;Chaudhry and Walsh 1996;Cheung and Choi 2011;Duchêne and Waelbroeck 2006;Li 2013;Ting and Tsang 2013;Wong et al 2006); • the country or culture they refer to, mostly in reference to countries replete with counterfeits, such as China, and other emerging markets (Bender 2006;Chaudhry 2006;Clark 2006;Stumpf and Chaudhry 2010;Swike et al 2008;Zimmerman 2013); • the strategic and operational choices companies have in fighting against counterfeiting and piracy, from awareness to prosecution, from withdrawal to hands off (Cesareo and Pastore 2014a;Cooper and Eckstein 2008;Harvey 1987;Jacobs et al 2001;Kaikati and LaGarce 1980;Shultz and Saporito 1996;Yang et al 2004), • the subjects they target: institutions, governments, employees, channel members, infringers and, last but not least, consumers (Chaudhry et al 2005;.…”

Wine Traceability: A Data Model and Prototype in Albanian Context

“…The final issue is fraud prevention and anti-counterfeit techniques. These technologies for food authentication can be paired in the traceability systems [24,25,26,27] and are implemented in both RFID tags and barcodes.…”