A Twin Study of the Etiology of Comorbidity: Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Dyslexia

Gilger, Jeffrey W.; Pennington, Bruce F.; DeFries, John C.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199203000-00024

Cited by 207 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Given the high heritability of ADHD (Gilger et al 1992;Rhee et al 1999), the investigation of genes involved in catecholamine functioning is another research strategy. Recent studies have suggested that both the DAT gene and Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 11 the D 4 receptor gene are associated with ADHD (Bobb et al 2005;DiMaio et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If a parent has ADHD, the risk for offspring to develop the disorder is 57% (Biederman et al 1995). In twin studies, it was found that the concordance for ADHD is 81% in monozygotic twins, compared with 29% in dizygotic twins (Gilger et al 1992). The average heritability for ADHD was found to be 0.80-0.90 (Gilger et al 1992;Rhee et al 1999).…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In twin studies, it was found that the concordance for ADHD is 81% in monozygotic twins, compared with 29% in dizygotic twins (Gilger et al 1992). The average heritability for ADHD was found to be 0.80-0.90 (Gilger et al 1992;Rhee et al 1999). Although high heritability in ADHD has been reported in twin, family and adoption studies, with estimates up to 90%, genome-wide linkage scans and candidate gene studies have so far not been able to reliably identify ADHD-associated genes (Faraone et al 2005).…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review

Sontag

Tucha

Walitza

et al. 2010

ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord

102

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves clinically heterogeneous problems including attention deficits, behavioural hyperactivity and impulsivity. Several animal models of ADHD have been proposed, ranging from models with neurotoxic lesions to genetically manipulated animals. An ADHD model is supposed to show phenomenological similarities with the disorder, i.e. it should mimic the three core symptoms (face validity). A model should also conform to an established or hypothesized pathophysiological basis of the disorder (construct validity).Finally, an animal model should be able to predict previously unknown aspects of the neurobiology of ADHD or to provide potential new treatments (predictive validity). The currently proposed models are heterogeneous with regard to their pathophysiological alterations and their ability to mimic behavioural symptoms and to predict response to medication. This might reflect the heterogeneous nature of ADHD. Since the knowledge about the biology of ADHD from human studies is limited, one cannot at present decide which model best represents ADHD or certain ADHD subtypes. Animal models with good face and predictive validity may be useful for investigations of the underlying biological substrates of ADHD. At present, the models in use should be described as animal models of ADHD-like symptoms rather than models of ADHD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review

Sontag

Tucha

Walitza

et al. 2010

ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord

102

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“…5,6) Despite this high prevalence rate, it was found that the concordance rate of AD/HD is 81% in monozygotic twins, compared with 29% in dizygotic twins. 7) Moreover, the few genome-wide scans and candidate gene studies conducted so far are not conclusive. 8) meta-Analyses and pooled data analyses have suggested associations between AD/HD and polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor (DRD4 and DRD5), dopamine transporter (DAT), synaptosomal-associated protein (SNAP-25; 25 kDa), and serotonin transporter.…”

Section: Human Studies Of Ad/hdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Arime

Kubo

Sora

2011

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is a clinically heterogenous disorder including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Both psychostimulant and non-psychostimulant drugs such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, respectively, to modulate catecholeamine neurotransmission are used as current pharmacotherapies for AD/HD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that genetic factors play major roles in the etiology of AD/HD. meta-Analyses and pooled data analyses have suggested associations between AD/HD and polymorphisms in genes encoding monoamine neurotransmission molecules. There has been considerable research on this disorder using genetic, pharmacological, and neuroimaging approaches, and several animal models of AD/HD such as spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mice, coloboma mutant mouse, and Grin1 mutant mouse have been reported. These animal models are valuable tools for investigating molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms as well as the neural development and circuit mechanisms of AD/HD. Here, we review the recent literature on animal models of AD/HD and discuss their advantages and limitations.

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“…Another frequent comorbidity of ADHD is reading disability (RD; around 40%), which in most studies showed stronger genetic overlap with attention problems than with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms [34,37,54,111,121]. DSM-III-R and DSM-IV based studies resulted in the finding that around 90% of the phenotypic correlation between ADHD symptoms-attention problems and reading disability, respectively-was due to shared additive genetic factors [111,121].…”

Section: Reading Disabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD

Freitag

Rohde

Lempp

et al. 2010

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Twin studies described a strongly heritable component of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. However, findings varied considerably between studies. In addition, ADHD presents with a high rate of comorbid disorders and associated psychopathology. Therefore, this literature review reports findings from population-based twin studies regarding the influence of subtypes, assessment instruments, rater effects, sex differences, and comorbidity rates on ADHD heritability estimates. In addition, genetic effects on the persistence of ADHD are discussed. By reviewing relevant factors influencing heritability estimates more homogeneous subtypes relevant for molecular genetic studies can be elicited. A systematic search of population-based twin studies in ADHD was performed, using the databases PubMed and PsycInfo. Results of family studies were added in case insufficient or contradictory findings were obtained in twin studies. Heritability estimates were strongly influenced by rater effects and assessment instruments. Inattentive and hyperactiveimpulsive symptoms were likely influenced by common as well as specific genetic risk factors. Besides persistent ADHD, ADHD accompanied by symptoms of conduct or antisocial personality disorder might be another strongly genetically determined subtype, however, family environmental risk factors have also been established for this pattern of comorbidity.

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A Twin Study of the Etiology of Comorbidity: Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Dyslexia

Cited by 207 publications

References 17 publications

Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review

Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review

Animal Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Phenotypic and measurement influences on heritability estimates in childhood ADHD

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