A turbidity test for the estimation of immune globulin levels in neonatal calf serum

McEwan, A.D.; Fisher, Edward; Selman, I.E.; Penhale, W.J.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(70)90390-6

Cited by 231 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The ZST test (proxy for immunoglobulin status; Earley et al, 2000) was performed at 20°C on serum samples collected from the calves at arrival with the turbidity subsequently measured at 520 nm using a spectrophotometer (McEwan et al, 1970).…”

Section: Haematologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of haematological profiles and whole blood relative gene expression levels in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves undergoing gradual weaning

Johnston

Kenny

Kelly

et al. 2016

animal

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Haematological profiles indicate the health status of an animal and can be used to identify sub-clinical stress responses. The objectives of the study were to examine (i) the effect of breed and plane of nutrition, on haematological profiles of artificially reared Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves in response to gradual weaning, and (ii) the effect of breed on immune response genes in bovine whole blood using real-time quantitative PCR. Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves were group housed indoors and individually fed using an automatic feeder. They were allocated to a high, medium or low plane of nutrition, based on milk replacer (MR) and concentrate. The nutrition treatments were calculated using National Research Council guidelines in order to achieve a high, medium or low growth rate for each respective breed. During the weaning phase MR was gradually reduced over a 14-day (d) period (d −13 to d 0). Calves were blood sampled on d −14, −6, −3, 0, 1, 3, 8 and 14 relative to weaning (d 0) for subsequent haematological analysis. On d −14, 1 and 8, a subset of eight Holstein-Friesian calves randomly selected from the medium nutrition treatment and eight Jersey calves randomly selected from the high nutrition treatment, were blood sampled for gene expression profiling, targeting biomarkers of weaning stress. These two treatment groups were chosen to examine the effect of breed on expression of the genes of interest, as energy intake and animal performance were similar. There was no effect of breed × plane of nutrition interaction nor effect of plane of nutrition on any variable measured ( P > 0.05). Gradual weaning produced differential biological responses in the two breeds evidenced by breed × time interactions for lymphocyte, monocyte and red blood cell number, plasma haemoglobin and haptoglobin concentrations ( P < 0.05). The typical stress response consisting of neutrophilia and lymphopaenia was not observed for any treatment. An immune response to gradual weaning was observed as the relative gene expression level of the pro-apoptotic gene, Fas, increased on d 1 relative to d −14 ( P < 0.05). Relative gene expression levels were greater in Jersey calves compared with Holstein-Friesian for the pro-inflammatory cytokine CXCL8 ( P = 0.05) and the glucocorticoid receptor, GRα ( P < 0.05). The increased levels of these transcripts suggest that Jersey calves may have a more sensitive immune system compared with Holstein-Friesian.

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Section: Haematologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of haematological profiles and whole blood relative gene expression levels in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves undergoing gradual weaning

Johnston

Kenny

Kelly

et al. 2016

animal

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“…Total serum Ig content was measured using the zinc sulphate turbidity (ZST) test (McEwan et al, 1970). The serum IgG concentration was estimated by reducing the Ig concentration value by 0.09 to equate with the IgG only measured in colostrum (Larson et al, 1974).…”

Section: Milkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of cobalt and iodine supplementation of the pregnant ewe diet on immunoglobulin G, vitamin E, T3 and T4 levels in the progeny

Boland

Hayes

Sweeney

et al. 2008

Animal

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Sixty twin-bearing ewes were allocated to one of four dietary treatments investigating the effects of supplementary iodine or cobalt during late pregnancy on lamb serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), triiodothyronine (T 3 ), thyroxine (T 4 ) and vitamin E concentrations, and lamb IgG absorption efficiency. Ewes were offered grass silage ad libitum supplemented with 800 g per ewe per day of a 190 g/kg crude protein (CP) concentrate from day 126 of gestation until parturition plus one of the following supplements (n 5 15 per treatment); no supplement (C); 26.6 mg iodine per day for final 3 weeks pre partum (I-3); 26.6 mg iodine/day for final week pre partum (I-1); 20 mg cobalt/day for final 3 weeks pre partum (Co-3). Lambs were blood sampled at 24 and 72 h post partum for serum IgG and vitamin E concentrations. Ten lambs from C and I-3 were blood sampled at 1 h post partum for serum IgG, vitamin E, T 3 and T 4 concentrations. There were no differences in serum IgG, vitamin E or T 4 values (P . 0.05) at 1 h post partum between lambs born to the C and I-3 ewes. T 3 levels were lower in I-3 compared with C progeny (P , 0.05). Supplemental iodine reduced colostral IgG absorption efficiency (P , 0.001) and lamb serum IgG concentrations at 24 and 72 h post partum (P , 0.001). Serum vitamin E concentration in I-3 and I-1 lambs was lower than in Co-3 lambs at 24 h post partum, while at 72 h post partum I-3, I-1 and Co-3 lambs had significantly lower concentrations than C lambs (P , 0.001). Supplementing the ewe's diet with 26.6 mg/day of iodine for the final week of pregnancy reduced lamb serum IgG concentration at 24 and 72 h post partum. The lower total and free T 3 values in the progeny of I-3-treated ewes suggest interference in the synthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones when ewes receive excessive dietary iodine for 3 weeks immediately pre partum. Based on these findings, the indications are that the toxicity level for iodine in the diet of the pregnant ewe should be lowered to 20 mg per ewe per day, equivalent to 40% of its current level. The finding that high-level cobalt supplementation during the final 3 weeks of pregnancy will have a negative effect on serum vitamin E concentration at 72 h post partum is a new and significant finding and previously has not been reported in the literature.

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“…Twenty-four hours after birth, two jugular blood samples, one heparinised and one without anticoagulant, were taken from each lamb as described by Muñ oz et al (2008) to assess immune status, serum free tri-iodothyronine (free T 3 ), serum thyroxine (T 4 ) and Se status. Immune status was estimated by zinc sulphate turbidity analyses (McEwan et al, 1970). Free T 3 was measured using a Free T 3 kit (Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY, USA) on a Centaur Analyser (Bayer Healthcare LLC, Diagnostics Division, Tarrytown, NY, USA).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status of adult ewes during early and mid-pregnancy. 2. Effects of supplementation with selenised yeast on ewe reproduction and offspring performance to weaning

Muñoz

Carson

McCoy

et al. 2008

Animal

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of selenium (Se) supplementation of mature ewes in the period from day 214 to day 90 post mating on Se status, productivity and viability of ewes and their offspring. Multiparous crossbred ewes (n 5 82) were randomly assigned to receive a standard dried grass-based diet (control) or dried grass diet supplemented with 1 g of selenised yeast (Selplex R ), providing 0.5 mg Se per ewe per day. After day 90 post mating, all ewes were offered grassbased diets supplemented with a standard multivitamin and mineral mix, up to lambing. Ewes that were fed additional Se had increased (P , 0.001) activity of glutathione peroxidase enzyme (GPx) and increased plasma Se concentrations throughout the treatment period. At lambing, GPx activity of supplemented ewes was higher (P , 0.001) than that of controls. Twenty-four hours after birth, lambs of ewes given Se had higher (P , 0.001) concentration of Se in plasma, greater (P , 0.001) activity of GPx and better (P , 0.01) immune status. Lambs of ewes that received supplementation showed a faster progression to stand than control lambs (P , 0.05), independent of maternal behaviour which was not affected. Supplementation reduced perinatal lamb mortality (0.04 v. 0.17; P , 0.05). However, overall mortality from birth to weaning was unaffected (P . 0.05). Supplemented ewes weaned lambs on average 2 kg heavier than control ewes, due to the higher (P , 0.05) growth rates achieved by their offspring. In conclusion, for ewes with a marginal Se status, an organic source of Se supplemented throughout pregnancy, compared with supplementation only in the last trimester, positively affected measures of lamb viability and survival.

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A turbidity test for the estimation of immune globulin levels in neonatal calf serum

Cited by 231 publications

References 10 publications

Characterisation of haematological profiles and whole blood relative gene expression levels in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves undergoing gradual weaning

Characterisation of haematological profiles and whole blood relative gene expression levels in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey bull calves undergoing gradual weaning

The effects of cobalt and iodine supplementation of the pregnant ewe diet on immunoglobulin G, vitamin E, T3 and T4 levels in the progeny

Nutritional status of adult ewes during early and mid-pregnancy. 2. Effects of supplementation with selenised yeast on ewe reproduction and offspring performance to weaning

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