A Triple-Functional Antibacterial Platform Based on Quaternized Ru(II) Complex-Loaded MXene Composites

Abstract

The problem of antibiotic misuse leading to bacterial resistance is a significant challenge currently faced. The rapid adaptability and evolutionary capabilities of microorganisms have caused strains that were initially sensitive to antibiotics to gradually become resistant, posing a threat to traditional antibacterial treatments. Therefore, the search for antibacterial treatment methods, especially those less likely to induce resistance, has become crucial. Photodynamic antibacterial therapy is an emerging method with efficient antibacterial and selective effects, reducing the risk of resistance. A two-dimensional nanocomposite material, modified with quaternized ruthenium complexes on MXene, has been developed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be 23.4 and 29.0 μg/mL, respectively, under xenon lamp irradiation with a light power intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 for 20 min. The bactericidal effects of the Q/Ru-MXene composite system were quantitatively and qualitatively confirmed through plate counting and live/dead staining. This system integrates the chemical antibacterial properties of quaternary ammonium salts, the photodynamic antibacterial effects of ruthenium complexes, and the photothermal antibacterial properties of MXene. The simultaneous application of these three therapeutic approaches allows for the development of a chemical/photodynamic/ photothermal antibacterial strategy that can attack bacteria on multiple levels, enhancing treatment efficacy, slowing down the development of bacterial resistance, and adapting better to different types of infections. Research and the application of this comprehensive strategy have the potential to bring breakthroughs and innovations to the field of antibacterial treatment.