A trilevel programming model for flexiramp and reserve procurement in high penetration of wind farms and participation of a large industry and a DR aggregator

Abstract

Summary In this paper, a novel trilevel programming model for energy, reserve, and flexiramp procurement problem in the day‐ahead market is proposed. The conventional and wind generating units are the strategic decision makers (DMs) in the upper level, which maximize their profit. In the middle level, a large industry and a demand response (DR) aggregator maximize their profit according to the market's status. Finally, the independent system operator (ISO) minimizes its total cost in the lower level. To solve the proposed trilevel model, a fuzzy max‐min technique for multilevel programming problem (MLPP) is proposed. The proposed model is applied to the 24‐bus IEEE test system to demonstrate the benefits of implementing the proposed model in electricity markets.

Prediction of the Demand Response Behavior of Residential Consumers through a Bayesian Forecasting Method

“…Therefore, flexibility is introduced as one of the main concerns of renewable-dominated power systems. One of main resources of ramp flexibility is demand-side resources [1][2][3][4]. Demand-side flexibility refers to the voluntary alterations in the grid electricity demand, which are activated by some sort of incentives.…”

Assessment of dynamic transformer rating, considering current and temperature limitations

“…Nevertheless, whatever a (net) load profile is given, modern DSO can actively change a shape of (net) load profile, using controllable DER: distributed generation, storage and demand response [48][49][50][51][52][53]. Aggregators, new market players, already provide such services to DSO [54], [55]. This poses another problem for estimation of DTR: DTR should not target a single typical (net) load profile but multiple possible (net) load profiles.…”