Abstract:Introduction: Automated tutoring systems aim to respond to the learner's cognitive state in order to maintain engagement. The end-user's state might be inferred by interactive timings, bodily movements or facial expressions. Problematic computerized stimuli are known to cause smiling during periods of frustration. Methods: Forty-four seated, healthy participants (age range 18-35, 18 male) used a handheld trackball to answer a computer-presented, formative, 3-way multiple choice geography quiz, with 9 questions… Show more
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