A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder

Vaughan, Kevin; Armstrong, Michael S.; Gold, Ruth G.; O’Connor, Nicholas; Jenneke, William; Tarrier, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90036-1

Cited by 200 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…EMDR was superior to a wait list condition (Jensen 1994;Lee et al 2002;Rothbaum 1997;Vaughan et al 1994), to a psychological placebo (Carlson et al 1998;Marcus et al 1997;Power et al 2002;Scheck et al 1998;Taylor et al 2003) or a pill placebo (van der Kolk et al 2007). …”

Section: Prevention Of Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders – First Revision

Bandelow

Zohar

Hollander

et al. 2008

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

712

410

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In this report, which is an update of a guideline published in 2002 (Bandelow et al. 2002, recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are presented. Since the publication of the first version of this guideline, a substantial number of new randomized controlled studies of anxiolytics have been published. In particular, more relapse prevention studies are now available that show sustained efficacy of anxiolytic drugs. The recommendations, developed by the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Task Force for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, a consensus panel of 30 international experts, are now based on 510 published randomized, placebo-or comparator-controlled clinical studies (RCTs) and 130 open studies and case reports. First-line treatments for these disorders are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and the calcium channel modulator pregabalin. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are equally effective for some disorders, but many are less well tolerated than the SSRIs/ SNRIs. In treatment-resistant cases, benzodiazepines may be used when the patient does not have a history of substance abuse disorders. Potential treatment options for patients unresponsive to standard treatments are described in this overview. Although these guidelines focus on medications, non-pharmacological were also considered. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and other variants of behaviour therapy have been sufficiently investigated in controlled studies in patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD to support them being recommended either alone or in combination with the above medicines.

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Section: Prevention Of Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders – First Revision

Bandelow

Zohar

Hollander

et al. 2008

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

712

410

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“…The mechanism is unknown, but the technique contains elements of both exposure and cognitive therapy. Two RCTs have demonstrated its efficacy over waiting list controls [77,78], although both these studies have methodological limitations and the technique remains controversial.…”

Section: Eye Movement Reprocessing and Desensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Epidemiology, Comorbidity and Social Consequences, Biology and Treatment

et al. 2001

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Epidemiological studies clearly indicate that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is becoming a major health concern worldwide even if still poorly recognized and not well treated. PTSD commonly co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders, and several symptoms overlap with major depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and substance abuse; this may contribute to diagnostic confusion and underdiagnosis. This anxiety disorder provokes significant occupational, psychiatric, medical and psychosocial disability, and its consequences are enormously costly, not only to the survivors and their families, but also to the health care system and society. Work impairment associated with PTSD is very similar to the amount of work impairment associated with major depression. The pathophysiology of PTSD is multifactorial and involves dysregulation of the serotonergic as well as the noradrenergic system. A rational therapeutic approach should normalize the specific psychobiological alterations associated with PTSD. This can be achieved through the use of antidepressant drugs, mainly of those that potentiate serotonergic mechanisms. Recent double-blind placebo-controlled studies report the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Several cognitive-behavioral and psychosocial treatments have also been reported to be efficacious and could be considered when treating PTSD patients.

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“…CBT emerged as a psychological treatment of choice for PTSD in authoritative meta-analyses [11,12,13], along with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Direct comparisons of CBT to other interventions are limited to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing [14, 15], stress inoculation training [9, 10], relaxation training [16] or supportive counseling [4, 5, 17]. Various authors therefore noted the need for further comparison studies [11] and studies of new psychotherapeutic approaches [18] and their underlying curative processes [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Structured Writing Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Emmerik

Kamphuis

Emmelkamp³

2008

Psychother Psychosom

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Background: Writing assignments have shown promising results in treating traumatic symptomatology. Yet no studies have compared their efficacy to the current treatment of choice, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The present study evaluated the efficacy of structured writing therapy (SWT) and CBT as compared to a waitlist control condition in treating acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at an outpatient clinic. Participants (n = 125) (a) satisfied DSM-IV criteria for ASD or PTSD, (b) were 16 years or older, (c) were sufficiently fluent in Dutch or English, (d) had no psychiatric problems except ASD or PTSD that would hinder participation or required alternative clinical care, and (e) received no concurrent psychotherapy. Treatment consisted of five 1.5-hour sessions of CBT or SWT for participants with ASD or acute PTSD and ten 1.5-hour sessions for participants with chronic PTSD. Outcome measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Impact of Event Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Results: At posttest and follow-up, treatment was associated with improved diagnostic status and lower levels of intrusive symptoms, depression and state anxiety, while a trend was noted for the reduction of avoidance symptoms. Treatment did not result in lower levels of trait anxiety or dissociation. No differences in efficacy were detected between CBT and SWT. Conclusions: The present study confirmed the efficacy of CBT for ASD and PTSD and identified SWT as a promising alternative treatment.

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A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder

Cited by 200 publications

References 30 publications

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders – First Revision

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders – First Revision

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Epidemiology, Comorbidity and Social Consequences, Biology and Treatment

Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Structured Writing Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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