A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)

Bank, Sarah; Cumming, Royce T.; Li, Yunchang; Henze, Katharina; Tirant, Stéphane Le; Bradler, Sven

doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02436-z

Cited by 44 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…Alternatively, the evolution of hard-shelled eggs [ 55 , 81 , 87 ] and the acquisition of endogenous pectinase genes [ 88 ] further shaping the co-evolution with their food plants are most likely to have contributed to the success of the early euphasmatodean lineages. Also the recurrent opportunities for colonising new land masses (i.a., the Indo-Pacific region) appears to have promoted speciation [ 80 , 89 ] and might explain the increased diversification rate recovered for Lonchodidae, Lanceocercata and relatives within Oriophasmata (square symbol; Additional file 1 : Fig. S7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison to the other ocelli-bearing clades, the distribution of ocelli within Phylliidae appears more ambiguous. While females are sedentary and flightless, all males are volant and depend on flight for mate localisation [ 69 , 89 , 98 ], thus, it is questionable whether there have been multiple independent secondary losses of ocelli as estimated by our analysis. Particularly the phylogenetically incoherent degree of ocelli development in the species of Phyllium , where ocelli may be absent or weakly, moderately or well developed (not coded in our analysis), suggests that the ocellar system is a disparate character, which might have gradually and independently re-evolved in several phylliid lineages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the outgroup, we further included two species of Embioptera, which were repeatedly recovered as the sister group of Phasmatodea [ 4 , 30 , 56 , 121 ]. Our gene sampling comprised three nuclear ( 18S , 28S , H3 ) and four mitochondrial loci ( 12S , 16S , COI , COII ) of which data for numerous specimens were already available on GenBank [ 30 , 54 , 55 , 71 , 80 , 89 , 90 , 101 , 122 – 131 ]. Additionally, we generated new data for 194 specimens following the protocol given by Bank et al [ 80 ] with primers adopted from Buckley et al [ 124 ] and Robertson et al [ 55 ] (see Bank et al [ 80 ]), and deposited the sequences in GenBank under accession numbers OK314533–OK314857, OK324156–OK324324, OK333379–OK334012 (Additional file 3 : Table S7).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Bank

Bradler

2022

BMC Ecol Evo

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Background The re-evolution of complex characters is generally considered impossible, yet, studies of recent years have provided several examples of phenotypic reversals shown to violate Dollo’s law. Along these lines, the regain of wings in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) was hypothesised to have occurred several times independently after an ancestral loss, a scenario controversially discussed among evolutionary biologists due to overestimation of the potential for trait reacquisition as well as to the lack of taxonomic data. Results We revisited the recovery of wings by reconstructing a phylogeny based on a comprehensive taxon sample of over 500 representative phasmatodean species to infer the evolutionary history of wings. We additionally explored the presence of ocelli, the photoreceptive organs used for flight stabilisation in winged insects, which might provide further information for interpreting flight evolution. Our findings support an ancestral loss of wings and that the ancestors of most major lineages were wingless. While the evolution of ocelli was estimated to be dependent on the presence of (fully-developed) wings, ocelli are nevertheless absent in the majority of all examined winged species and only appear in the members of few subordinate clades, albeit winged and volant taxa are found in every euphasmatodean lineage. Conclusion In this study, we explored the evolutionary history of wings in Phasmatodea and demonstrate that the disjunct distribution of ocelli substantiates the hypothesis on their regain and thus on trait reacquisition in general. Evidence from the fossil record as well as future studies focussing on the underlying genetic mechanisms are needed to validate our findings and to further assess the evolutionary process of phenotypic reversals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Bank

Bradler

2022

BMC Ecol Evo

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“…Male and female leaf insects also exhibit a spectacular interspecific variation in body shape related to leaf mimicry [ 24 , 26 , 61 ]. This variation is likely driven by masquerade and the advergence of the insect appearance to resemble the size and shape of its host plants’ leaves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We quantified the effects of variation in morphology (body size and shape) on flight and substrate attachment performance in male leaf insects ( Phyllium philippinicum , Hennemann, Conle, Gottardo & Bresseel, 2009, Phylliidae, Phasmatodea). In this solitary canopy-dwelling species, large, sedentary adult females are outstanding leaf-mimics due to lateral ‘leaf-like’ expansions of the abdominal segments and legs [ 24 – 26 ]. Adult males are nine times lighter and almost two times slenderer than females, and have relatively longer antennae (i.e., strong size [SSD] and shape dimorphism; Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect

et al. 2022

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Background In most arthropods, adult females are larger than males, and male competition is a race to quickly locate and mate with scattered females (scramble competition polygyny). Variation in body size among males may confer advantages that depend on context. Smaller males may be favored due to more efficient locomotion leading to higher mobility during mate searching. Alternatively, larger males may benefit from increased speed and higher survivorship. While the relationship between male body size and mobility has been investigated in several systems, how different aspects of male body morphology specifically affect their locomotor performance in different contexts is often unclear. Results Using a combination of empirical measures of flight performance and modelling of body aerodynamics, we show that large body size impairs flight performance in male leaf insects (Phyllium philippinicum), a species where relatively small and skinny males fly through the canopy in search of large sedentary females. Smaller males were more agile in the air and ascended more rapidly during flight. Our models further predicted that variation in body shape would affect body lift and drag but suggested that flight costs may not explain the evolution of strong sexual dimorphism in body shape in this species. Finally, empirical measurements of substrate adhesion and subsequent modelling of landing impact forces suggested that smaller males had a lower risk of detaching from the substrates on which they walk and land. Conclusions By showing that male body size impairs their flight and substrate adhesion performance, we provide support to the hypothesis that smaller scrambling males benefit from an increased locomotor performance and shed light on the evolution of sexual dimorphism in scramble competition mating systems.

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A Hyperspectral Camouflage Colorant Inspired by Natural Leaves

Xie,

Zu,

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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The unmet spectral mimicry of foliar green in camouflage materials has been hampered by the lack of colorants with similar spectral properties to chlorophyll, resulting in substantial risks of exposure from hyperspectral target detection. By drawing inspiration from leaf chromogenesis, a microcapsule colorant with a chloroplast‐like structure and chlorophyll‐like absorption is developed, and a generic bilayer coating is designed to provide high spectral similarity to leaves with different growth stages, seasons and species. Specifically, the microcapsule colorant preserves the monomeric absorption of the internal phthalocyanine and features the manufacturability of conventional pigments, such as amenability to painting and patterning, and compatibility to different substrates. The pigmented artificial leaves successfully deceive the hyperspectral classification algorithm in a foliar background, and outperforming the state‐of‐art spectral simulation materials. This coloration strategy expands the knowledge base of the spectral fine tuning of composite colorants, which are essential for their application in spectral‐resolved optical materials.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)

Cited by 44 publications

References 105 publications

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

A second view on the evolution of flight in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea)

Multi-modal locomotor costs favor smaller males in a sexually dimorphic leaf-mimicking insect

A Hyperspectral Camouflage Colorant Inspired by Natural Leaves

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