A trade off between separation, detection and sustainability in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting

Funari, Cristiano Soleo; Carneiro, Renato Lajarim; Cavalheiro, Alberto José; Hilder, Emily F.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.018

Cited by 17 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…It is important to notice that the component consumption of energy during the process of separation that was used by Funari et al. as a parameter to compare chromatographic methods from a more comprehensive understanding of chromatographic performance was not taken into consideration here. That was because (i) the consumptions of energy were similar in the analyses with acetonitrile and acetone (same run time and same temperature of analysis) and (ii) the cumulative energy demands relative to the amount of organic solvents consumed during the analyses are negligible in analytical scale when compared to the consumption of energy observed for the HPLC system itself .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetone as a greener alternative to acetonitrile in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting

Funari

Carneiro

Khandagale

et al. 2015

J of Separation Science

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A considerable amount of chemical waste from liquid chromatography analysis is generated worldwide. Acetonitrile is the most employed solvent in liquid chromatography analyses since it exhibits favorable physicochemical properties for separation and detection, but it is an unwelcome solvent from an environmental point of view. Acetone might be a much greener alternative to replace acetonitrile in reversed-phase liquid chromatography, since both share similar physicochemical properties, but its applicability with ultraviolet absorbance-based detectors is limited. In this work, a reference method using acetonitrile and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet photodiode array detector coupled to a corona charged aerosol detector system was developed to fingerprint a complex sample. The possibility of effectively substituting acetonitrile with acetone was investigated. Design of experiments was adopted to maximize the number of peaks acquired in both fingerprint developments. The methods with acetonitrile or acetone were successfully optimized and proved to be statistically similar when only the number of peaks or peak capacity was taken into consideration. However, the superiority of the latter was evidenced when parameters of separation and those related to greenness were heuristically combined. A green, comprehensive, time- and resource-saving approach is presented here, which is generic and applicable to other complex matrices. Furthermore, it is in line with environmental legislation and analytical trends.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetone as a greener alternative to acetonitrile in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting

Funari

Carneiro

Khandagale

et al. 2015

J of Separation Science

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show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in RP-HPLC, followed by methanol (MeOH) [3]. This has led to the technological development of instruments and columns for HPLC that have been strongly directed to be compatible with these two solvents, particularly ACN [3]. Even during the global financial crisis in 2009, when there was a critical shortage of ACN with significant price increases [4,5], ACN remained the solvent of choice for most analysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was estimated in 2008 that there were 130,000 HPLC instruments operating around the world [11], but more recently, a large manufacturer of HPLC instruments estimated that there are currently 200,000. Considering an average consumption of 0.5-1 L of mobile phase per day [3,[12][13][14][15], 26,000,000-52,000,000 L of chemical waste is produced every year worldwide. Therefore, finding alternatives for organic solvents in HPLC is a highly important issue from an environmental performance perspective, in addition to the separation performance perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current approaches to find alternatives to commonly used environmentally impactful organic solvents, such as ACN, involve replacing them with solvents such as ethanol (EtOH) [3,13] or acetone [16]. Other chromatographic techniques which require little or no organic solvent such as supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [17,18] and superheated water chromatography (SWC) [19] are also undergoing rapid new developments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural deep eutectic solvents as the major mobile phase components in high-performance liquid chromatography—searching for alternatives to organic solvents

et al. 2018

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Over the past six decades, acetonitrile (ACN) has been the most employed organic modifier in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by methanol (MeOH). However, from the growing environmental awareness that leads to the emergence of "green analytical chemistry," new research has emerged that includes finding replacements to problematic ACN because of its low sustainability. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) can be produced from an almost infinite possible combinations of compounds, while being a "greener" alternative to organic solvents in HPLC, especially those prepared from natural compounds called natural DES (NADES). In this work, the use of three NADES as the main organic component in RP-HPLC, rather than simply an additive, was explored and compared to the common organic solvents ACN and MeOH but additionally to the greener ethanol for separating two different mixtures of compounds, one demonstrating the elution of compounds with increasing hydrophobicity and the other comparing molecules of different functionality and molar mass. To utilize NADES as an organic modifier and overcome their high viscosity monolithic columns, temperatures at 50 °C and 5% ethanol in the mobile phase were used. NADES are shown to give chromatographic performances in between those observed for ACN and MeOH when eluotropic strength, resolution, and peak capacity were taken into consideration, while being less environmentally impactful as shown by the HPLC-Environmental Assessment Tool (HPLC-EAT) metric. With the development of proper technologies, DES could open a new class of mobile phases increasing the possibilities of new separation selectivities while reducing the environmental impact of HPLC analyses. Graphical abstract Natural deep eutectic solvents versus traditional solvents in HPLC.

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Green Analytical Chemistry

Ferguson

Raynie

2018

Green Techniques for Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry

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A trade off between separation, detection and sustainability in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

Acetone as a greener alternative to acetonitrile in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting

Acetone as a greener alternative to acetonitrile in liquid chromatographic fingerprinting

Natural deep eutectic solvents as the major mobile phase components in high-performance liquid chromatography—searching for alternatives to organic solvents

Green Analytical Chemistry

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