“…There have been many studies involved TPACK framework in technology integration in education in developed countries (e.g. Bostancıoğlu & Handley, 2018;Graziano, Herring, Carpenter, Smaldino, & Finsness, 2017;Martin, 2018), including in science education (e.g. Barak, 2017;Constantine, Rozowa, Szostkowski, Ellis, & Roehrig, 2017;Enderson & Watson, 2019;Jang & Tsai, 2013;Joo, Park, & Lim, 2018;Lin, Tsai, Chai & Lee 2013).…”