A total population study of challenging behaviour in the county of Hedmark, Norway: Prevalence, and risk markers

The Prevalence and Incidence of Mental Ill-Health in Adults with Autism and Intellectual Disabilities

“…The results in this study are different from those described in controlled studies of children and young people with autism and intellectual disabilities, which have demonstrated increased rates of psychopathology (Brereton et al, 2006), mental ill-health (Bradley et al, 2004;Bradley et al, 2006) and problem behaviours (Bradley et al, 2004;Holden et al, 2006). This suggests that, in childhood and adolescence, factors associated with autism have an effect on the risk of developing mental ill-health, over and above factors associated with Although speculative, this highlights the potential benefits of early interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorders.…”

“…There is growing evidence that children and young people with autism and intellectual disabilities experience higher rates of psychopathology 2 (Brereton, Tonge, & Einfeld, 2006), mental ill health (Bradley, Summers, Wood, & Bryson, 2004;Bradley & Bolton, 2006) and problem behaviours 3 (Bradley et al, 2004;Holden & Gitlesen, 2006), in comparison with children and young people with intellectual disabilities who do not have autism. However, it is less clear if this is also the case in adults with autism and intellectual disabilities.…”

Analysis of risk factors and early predictors of challenging behavior for children with autism spectrum disorder

“…particular, investigation of specific factors associated with the presence of challenging behavior has determined that those individuals with a diagnosis of autism will be more at risk for developing challenging behaviors (Holden & Gitlesen, 2006). This is not surprising given the social and communicative deficits which are core to the disorder.…”

“…Emerson et al, (2001b) regard those with challenging behavior as at risk of social exclusion. Academic, developmental and adaptive behavior may also be affected, in that challenging behaviors interfere with learning and development (Holden & Gitlesen, 2006). Finally, Matson and Nebel-Schwalm (2007) make reference to the Risk factors for challenging behavior 4 long-term outcome for an individual with persisting, severe challenging behavior, suggesting bleak consequences and long-term inpatient care.…”

“…Holden and Gitlesen (2006) carried out a total population study of challenging behavior in Norway. They found a prevalence of 11.1% for people with mental retardation.…”