A Tomato Cysteine Protease Required for Cf-2 -Dependent Disease Resistance and Suppression of Autonecrosis

Abstract

Little is known of how plant disease resistance (R) proteins recognize pathogens and activate plant defenses. Rcr3 is specifically required for the function of Cf-2, a Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium gene bred into cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum. Rcr3 encodes a secreted papain-like cysteine endoprotease. Genetic analysis shows Rcr3 is allelic to the L. pimpinellifolium Ne gene, which suppresses the Cf-2-dependent autonecrosis conditioned by its L. esculentum allele, ne (necrosis). Rcr3 alleles from these two species encode proteins that differ by only seven amino acids. Possible roles of Rcr3 in Cf-2-dependent defense and autonecrosis are discussed.

Granulosain I, a Cysteine Protease Isolated from Ripe Fruits of Solanum granuloso -leprosum (Solanaceae)

“…The Table 2 Comparision of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of granulosain I with other animal and plant cysteine proteases using the BLAST network service [24] Protease and/or source N-terminal sequence Identities (%) Kruger et al [42] Granulosain I, a Cysteine Protease Isolated from Ripe Fruits of Solanum granuloso-leprosum (Solanaceae) 273 kinetic studies as well as the N-terminal sequence comparison gives granulosain I a differential identity within this family. This studies defining optimum working conditions, stability to storage and temperature, size and electrophoretic characteristics will allow us to develop guidelines for the use of these enzymes in biotechnological processes.…”

Enzyme–inhibitor interactions at the plant–pathogen interface

“…A similar tomato papain-like protease is targeted by AVR2 (avirulence protein 2) of the tomato fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum [42 ]. This RCR3 (required for Cladosporium resistance-3) protease is also required for functioning the tomato resistance gene Cf-2 [43]. The molecular details of each of these enzymeinhibitor interactions are discussed below.…”

“…Like PIP1, RCR3 is upregulated and secreted during pathogen infection and can be considered as a PR protein [43]. RCR3, however, is also required for the function of resistance gene Cf-2, which confers recognition of the fungal pathogen C. fulvum carrying the Avr2 avirulence gene [43]. The AVR2 protein is a small Cys-rich basic protein that is secreted during infection and is not homologous to any known protein [47].…”

Early Disruption of Maternal–Zygotic Interaction and Activation of Defense-Like Responses inArabidopsisInterspecific Crosses

“…Manifestation of these traits is thought to result from the interaction of diverged parental genes and result in hybrid incompatibly (Dobzhansky, 1936;Muller, 1942;Orr, 1995;reviewed in Bomblies et al, 2007;Rieseberg and Blackman, 2010;Maheshwari and Barbash, 2011). The molecular basis of hybrid incompatibility has been variously attributed to cisor trans-regulatory changes, copy number changes, and amino acid changes (Krüger et al, 2002;Bomblies et al, 2007;Dilkes et al, 2008;, and, thus far, there is little overlap between genes detected in one genus to another (reviewed in Rieseberg and Blackman, 2010). These interactions can affect different targets including pathogen responses (Bomblies et al, 2007;Jeuken et al, 2009;Yamamoto et al, 2010;Mizuno et al, 2011), suppression of transposable elements (TEs) (McClintock, 1984;Shaked et al, 2001;Kashkush et al, 2003;Madlung et al, 2005;Josefsson et al, 2006;Ungerer et al, 2006;Martienssen, 2010), small RNA pathways (Ha et al, 2009;Ng et al, 2012;Shivaprasad et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012), and developmental regulatory pathways, such as genomic imprinting in the seed (Josefsson et al, 2006).…”