A Tobacco Smoke Inhalation Exposure Device for Rodents

Maddox, Wayne L.; Creasia, Donald A.; Dalbey, W.; Guerin, M.R.; Stokely, J.R.; Kendrick, J.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1978.10667311

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Exposures were made in ORNL smoking machines in which up to 10 rats can receive nose-only exposures to the smoke from 1 cigarette (24). Cigarettes were unfiltered, with tar yields up to 25 mg/cigarette and nicotine yields up to 1.9 mgkigarette.…”

Section: Rzmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heckman and Dalbey (14) exposed female Fischer 344 rats by nose only to smoke from experimental unfiltered cigarettes in the O W L smoking machine (24). Seven 8-min exposures were made per day, 5 days/wk for 2.5 yr using 10% dilutions of smoke from 7 or 10 cigarettes.…”

Section: Rzmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this study was to determine whether the development of proliferative lesions in the respiratory airways of smoke-exposed rats was preceded by ultrastructural alterations in the epithelium. Female Fischer 344 rats were again exposed noseonly to smoke from experimental unfiltered cigarettes in the ORNL smoking machine (24). Seven 8-min exposures/day, 5 days/wk continued for 2.5 yr using 10% dilutions of smoke from 7 or 10 cigarettes.…”

Section: R6mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Chronic Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarett Smoke in Rats and Mice

Coggins¹

1998

Toxicol Pathol

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In this paper, I review the results of a representative selection of chronic inhalation studies with rats and mice exposed to mainstream cigarette smoke and describe the inhalation exposures and the histopathological changes reported by various authors. Many of the studies used nose-only exposure systems, whereas others simply used large whole-body chambcrs. Smoke-induced epithelial hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and squarnous metaplasia were reported in the conducting airways in most of the studies, along with increased numbers of intra-alveolar macrophages that were occasionally associated with alveolar metaplasia. Lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas were reported in only a few of the studies. No statistically significant increase in the incidence of malignant lung tumors was secn in either species as a result of smoke exposure, a finding that does not agree with the results of epidemiological studies in humans. Possible reasons for this lack of correlation are given. Keywords. Cigarette smoke; inhalation toxicology; rodent respiratory tract INTRODUCTIONRats and mice are used routinely in studies of experimental carcinogenesis (12, 30, 33), leading others (1 1) to consider that "these laboratory results are the main source of information that is used to set regulatory standards for potential human exposures." The (unstated) presumption is that the rodent carcinogenic responses accurately predict human carcinogenic responses (27). The present review was performed to verify whether the measured response to cigarette smoke in rodents reflects the strong epidemiological findings in human smokers (1 9, 3 1).This paper is a critical review of the scientific literature relating to the' pulmonary pathology of rats and mice exposed by inhalation to cigarette smoke. There is a large amount of published literature on this subject, so for space reasons only a selection of the major papers is presented: the reviewed. findings are similar to those in papers not so selected. Although there are numerous reports on smoke inhalation studies with other small animals (e.g., hamsters and rabbits) and larger animals (e.g., dogs and primates), these species will be considered in future reviews. Rigorous criteria by which to evaluate the results were selected in accord with accepted standards of toxicology, pathology, and carcinogenesis.Reviews of the earlier literature are available (32, 36), so the present review includes o d y the more recent work on animal inhalation studies with cigarette smoke. Cri-

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Section: Rzmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rzmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: R6mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Chronic Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarett Smoke in Rats and Mice

Coggins¹

1998

Toxicol Pathol

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“…Particle density, number concentration and coagulation coefficient of the cigarette smoke aerosol were estimated. A smoke inhalation/exposure device for rodents was designed and developed in-house at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL -Oak Ridge, TN, USA) and described in 1978 by MADDOX et al (336). Operating principle was intermittent exposure (35-mL puffs of 2 sec duration generated by a piston pump).…”

Section: Smoke Generation and Exposure In Inhalation Studies With Rodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

Klus¹,

Boenke-Nimphius²,

Müller

2016

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists when evaluating information published on smoking machines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivo and in vitro) exposure systems and collection devices. The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years -from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and fully automated analytical smoking machines available today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. The standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces has solved several technical problems and produced sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine smoking regimes. Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configurations for in vivo smoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent species and the machines generating the required smoke (condensate). Covered as well is the field of in vitro toxicity testing, including the increasingly informative new techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are becoming more and more refined with the use of organotypic cultures and genetic analyses. The review is completed by the examination of the considerable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices (filters and traps) developed over time -some for very specific purposes -and refers to the perpetual problem of artifact formation by aging.

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“…This review will consider representative studies for each of the main species: 4 hamster, 7 dog, to mimic human smoking (22). Others used large numbers of cigarettes on a rotating carousel, whereby a constant stream of smoke is generated and distributed (5,16).…”

Section: Animal Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Article: A Review of Chronic Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarette Smoke, in Hamsters, Dogs, and Nonhuman Primates

Coggins¹

2001

Toxicol Pathol

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This paper is the continuation of previously published work, a review limited to studies on rats and mice. This paper makes an identical evaluation as before, but, restricting the species being evaluated to representative studies of smoke-expose d hamsters, dogs (both by tracheostomy and by direct inhalation), and nonhuma n primates. As was seen previously, no statistically signi cant increase in the incidence of malignant tumors of the respiratory tract was found in any of the 3 species, even though very long exposures and high doses of smoke were used. All 5 of the species of laboratory animals commonl y used to evaluate carcinogeni c potential produce results with mainstream cigarette smoke that are at variance with the epidemiologica l evidence in smokers.

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A Tobacco Smoke Inhalation Exposure Device for Rodents

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

A Review of Chronic Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarett Smoke in Rats and Mice

A Review of Chronic Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarett Smoke in Rats and Mice

Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

Review Article: A Review of Chronic Inhalation Studies with Mainstream Cigarette Smoke, in Hamsters, Dogs, and Nonhuman Primates

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