A Tiny Barbet-Like Bird From the Lower Oligocene of Germany: The Smallest Species and Earliest Substantial Fossil Record of the Pici (Woodpeckers and Allies)

Mayr, Gérald

doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1055:atbbft]2.0.co;2

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Quotation marks indicate that the exact stratigraphic position within a range is uncertain a The affinities of this species, which is only known from the coracoid, are uncertain (see Mayr 2009a) b Diatropornis may be the sister taxon of a clade including Cathartidae and the New World Teratornithidae (Mayr 2009a), which would, however, not affect the conclusions of the present study c Following Ksepka and Clarke (2010a, b), the age of the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation, from which most fossil birds stem, is set at 52 Ma d See Mayr and Micklich (2010) for stratigraphic assignment e See Daxner-Höck (2004) for the age of the Kohfidisch site f Identification of a putative musophagid from the late Oligocene of Germany (Ballmann 1970) can not be upheld (Mayr 2009a) g Rupelramphastoides exhibits a barbet-like overall morphology, but the two known skeletons do not allow for an unambiguous phylogenetic placement of the taxon, which may be outside crown group Pici (Mayr 2005) h I agree with Mlíkovský (2002: p. 257) that the identification of alleged Dendrocolaptidae in the middle Miocene (MN 6) of France (Cheneval 2000) is ill-founded…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-phase extinction of “Southern Hemispheric” birds in the Cenozoic of Europe and the origin of the Neotropic avifauna

Mayr

2011

Palaeobio Palaeoenv

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A considerable number of fossil birds from the Cenozoic of Europe belong to taxa whose extant representatives are only found in the Southern Hemisphere. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the stratigraphic occurrences of these groups. Two well-separated extinction phases can be distinguished: one in the Paleogene, which concerned birds with crown group representatives in South America, Madagascar and Australia, and the second in the Miocene, which involved taxa that are today found in Africa or have a pantropic distribution. It is hypothesised that this unusual pattern is the result of a successive action of biotic and abiotic factors. South America was least affected by both extinction phases and served as a refugium for bird groups, which had a more widespread distribution in the Paleogene.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-phase extinction of “Southern Hemispheric” birds in the Cenozoic of Europe and the origin of the Neotropic avifauna

Mayr

2011

Palaeobio Palaeoenv

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“…Eurotrochilus inexpectatus has been known so far from partial skeletons of two individuals from the Rupelian (32 million years ago) of Wiesloch-Frauenweiler in Southern Germany, a fossil site that also yielded a number of other avian taxa, including tubenoses (Procellariiformes, Mayr et al 2002), loons (Gaviiformes, Mayr 2004b), mousebirds (Coliidae, Mayr 2000), trogons (Trogonidae, Mayr 2005b), piciform birds (Mayr 2005c(Mayr , 2006, and songbirds (Passeriformes, Manegold 2004, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New specimens of the early Oligocene Old World hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus

Mayr

2007

J Ornithol

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New specimens of the early Oligocene (32 million years ago) stem group hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus Mayr, 2004, are described from the type locality Frauenweiler in Southern Germany. One of these is the second slab of the holotype, whose existence has been hitherto unknown. The new fossils add significantly to our knowledge of the morphology of E. inexpectatus and allow more detailed comparisons with other stem and crown group Trochilidae. A new apomorphy of the clade (Eurotrochilus + crown group Trochilidae) is described. With species successively more closely related to the crown group, the temporal sequence of stem group hummingbirds in Europe indicates an Old World origin of Pan-Trochilidae. E. inexpectatus is the earliest longbeaked stem group hummingbird with hovering capabilities, and absence of modern-type hummingbirds before the early Oligocene may provide a maximum age for the origin of hummingbird-pollinated plants and the colonization of the New World by moderntype stem group hummingbirds.

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“…Hence, we could only set time constraints based on fossil data available for outgroups, geological events assumed to have been a vicariant barrier for other avian and non-avian groups with similar geographic distribution as Pteroglossus, or molecular time estimates derived from other studies. For time constraints based on the fossil record, we imposed a minimum age of 30 Mya for the separation of Picidae (Dryocopus) and Ramphastidae (Pteroglossus) (F1 in Figure 1) for taxon sets 1 and 2, based on Rupelramphastoides knopfi (Mayr, 2005), and the split between Anseriformes and Galliformes (taxon sets 2 and 3; F2 in Figure 1) at 65 Mya, based on anseriform Vegavis iaai (Clarke et al, 2005). For the geological time constraints in all taxon sets, we assumed that clades containing sister taxa with cis-and trans-Andean distribution (G1 in Figure 1) likely split when the northern end of the Cordillera of the Andes rose to present-day altitudes in the last 13 to 2 Mya (Gregory-Wodzicki, 2000; Lundberg et al, 1998).…”

Section: Molecular Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The historical biogeography of Pteroglossus aracaris (Aves, Piciformes, Ramphastidae) based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

Pereira

Wajntal

2008

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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Most Neotropical birds, including Pteroglossus aracaris, do not have an adequate fossil record to be used as time constraints in molecular dating. Hence, the evolutionary timeframe of the avian biota can only be inferred using alternative time constraints. We applied a Bayesian relaxed clock approach to propose an alternative interpretation for the historical biogeography of Pteroglossus based on mitochondrial DNA sequences, using different combinations of outgroups and time constraints obtained from outgroup fossils, vicariant barriers and molecular time estimates. The results indicated that outgroup choice has little effect on the Bayesian posterior distribution of divergence times within Pteroglossus, that geological and molecular time constraints seem equally suitable to estimate the Bayesian posterior distribution of divergence times for Pteroglossus, and that the fossil record alone overestimates divergence times within the fossil-lacking ingroup. The Bayesian estimates of divergence times suggest that the radiation of Pteroglossus occurred from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene (three times older than estimated by the "standard" mitochondrial rate of 2% sequence divergence per million years), likely triggered by Andean uplift, multiple episodes of marine transgressions in South America, and formation of present-day river basins. The time estimates are in agreement with other Neotropical taxa with similar geographic distributions.

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A Tiny Barbet-Like Bird From the Lower Oligocene of Germany: The Smallest Species and Earliest Substantial Fossil Record of the Pici (Woodpeckers and Allies)

Cited by 19 publications

References 12 publications

Two-phase extinction of “Southern Hemispheric” birds in the Cenozoic of Europe and the origin of the Neotropic avifauna

Two-phase extinction of “Southern Hemispheric” birds in the Cenozoic of Europe and the origin of the Neotropic avifauna

New specimens of the early Oligocene Old World hummingbird Eurotrochilus inexpectatus

The historical biogeography of Pteroglossus aracaris (Aves, Piciformes, Ramphastidae) based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

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