A Time Series of Prehistoric Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Western European Genetic Diversity Was Largely Established by the Bronze Age

Abstract

A major unanswered question concerns the roles of continuity versus change in prehistoric Europe. For the first time, genetic samples of reasonable size taken at multiple time points are revealing piecemeal snapshots of European prehistory at different dates and places across the continent. Here, we pull these disparate datasets together to illustrate how human genetic variation has changed spatially and temporally in Europe from the Mesolithic through to the present day. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups were determined for 532 European individuals from four major eras: the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic (late Neolithic/early Bronze Age transition) and Modern periods. The Mesolithic was characterized by low mtDNA diversity. These initial European settler haplogroups declined rapidly in the Neolithic, as farmers from the east introduced a new suite of mtDNA lineages into Western Europe. For the first time, we show that the Chalcolithic was also a time of substantial genetic change in Europe. However, rather than the arrival of new mtDNA lineages, this period was characterized by major fluctuations in the frequencies of existing haplogroups. Besides the expansion of haplogroup H, there were few major changes in mtDNA diversity from the Chalcolithic to modern times, thus suggesting that the basic profile of mod- ern western European mtDNA diversity was largely established by the Bronze Age

Proofs of Long-Distance Relations between Central Europe and Inland Iberian Peninsula during Neolithic and Bronze Age. Evidences from the Material Culture of the Site of El Portalón (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)

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La Menorca talayótica desde el punto de vista genético: la necrópolis de la Cova des Pas

“…En relación al ADN mitocondrial, los haplogrupos más representados en la necrópolis de la Cova des Pas fueron precisamente los más frecuentes en la mayoría de poblaciones europeas desde el Calcolítico, H y U (Ricaut et al 2012), como era de esperar. El hecho de que sólo se hayan encontrado 4 haplogrupos (H, U, K y W) refleja una baja diversidad genética (0,5947) y apunta a una alta endogamia, aunque también podría estar influenciada por la baja medida muestral.…”

Cultural and demic diffusion of first farmers, herders,and their innovations across Eurasia

“…As time control is difficult in this record, the demic signal might have occured before the expansion of agropastoralists by migrations of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists, or even later. The Y-chromosomal and the mitochondrial DNA data show different expansion patterns and can be attributed to multiple migration events, including pre-Neolithic and post-Neolithic demic events (Szécsényi-Nagy et al 2014), although most of the introduced variability in the European gene pool was well established by the Bronze Age (Ricaut 2012).…”