“…Popular Ideas References Key Issues/Solutions/Ideas [4], [56] 1-S/P-GW split in C/U planes, [2], [109]-[111] Application 1-EPC control nodes [81], [109] 2-S/P-GW CP part is used as application layer as applications/functions [112], [113] 3-CP/UP split is economically optimal [114]. [110], [115] 4-Centralized control may create bottlenecks [116] Control layer 1-Distributed control [113], [117] 1-Delay limit determines cluster size [118], [119] 2-Handover between clusters [118] 3-Optimal controller placement [111], [120] 4-Local controllers for time-critical tasks [3], [121] 2-Hierarchical control [81], [122] 1-Different controller for core, RAN, orchestration, etc. [123], [124] 2-Fine-grained control difficult for OpenFlow [119] 3-Global Network View [125], [126] 1-Store/update network state information (GNV) [115] 2-Local storage for delay-sensitive data 4-HetNets/multiRAT [62], [122] 1-Handover via virtual switches [127] and through virtualization [124], [128] [127], [129] 2-Joint resource allocation [9], [103], [129] 3-Traffic offloading [130] 4-End-to-end QoS [129] 5-Energy efficiency …”