A three-dimensional, six-segment chain analysis of forceful overarm throwing

Hong, Daehyoung; Cheung, Tak K.; Roberts, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00045-6

Cited by 56 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, from the experimental results of natural throwing motions of skillful pitchers, temporal onset of the major muscular torques of the trunk and throwing arm joints were not strictly in a P-D sequence [14]. In the case of planar 2D throwing, the joint axes of trunk and throwing arm are always parallel, while in the case of natural 3D throwing, the directions of the joint axes of trunk and throwing arm are not parallel as regards to the segmental configuration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The overhand throwing pattern is very complex due to the speed and number of joint actions involved, including sequential use of pelvic rotation, spinal rotation, shoulder medial rotation and elbow extension [14]. Some studies have reported that overarm throwing shows a proximal to distal (P-D) sequence in order of joint motions [6,7,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies have reported that overarm throwing shows a proximal to distal (P-D) sequence in order of joint motions [6,7,14,15]. Especially, it was shown that a rapid elbow extension in baseball pitching commonly occurs during the acceleration phase while shoulder horizontal adduction slows down [6,7,14]. Although some investigators addressed the question of how the P-D sequence in the throwing arm joint motion involving elbow extension is produced [6,11,17], little is known about the underlying dynamic mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The linked system of the thrower's body acts as open chain, and thus, the movement of each segment affects other segments [14]. In a multi-joint limb system the torque at one joint occurs not only from muscular torque acting at that joint but also from interaction torques (the torque resulting from the motion at another joint).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributions of the muscular torques and motion-dependent torques to generate rapid elbow extension during overhand baseball pitching

Naito

Minamikawa

2008

Sports Eng

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Some studies have reported that overarm baseball pitching shows a proximal to distal sequential joint motion including a rapid extension of the elbow. It has been suggested that the rapid elbow extension just before ball release is not due to the action of the elbow extensor muscles, but the underlying mechanisms are not so clear. The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of each joint muscular-and motion-dependent torques, including the upper trunk and throwing arm joints to generate the rapid elbow extension during baseball pitching. The right handed throwing motions of three baseball pitchers were recorded using five high-speed video cameras and the positional data were calculated using the direct linear transformation method. A throwing arm dynamic model of the upper trunk and throwing arm joints was then used, including 10 degrees of freedom, to calculate the throwing arm joint muscular-, throwing arm and upper trunk joint motion-, gravity-, and external forcedependent components that contribute to the maximum elbow extension angular velocity. The results showed that the rapid elbow extension was primarily due to the upper trunk counterclockwise rotation and shoulder horizontal adduction angular velocity-dependent torques. This study implied that the trunk counterclockwise rotators and shoulder horizontal adductors generate positive torques to maintain the angular velocities of the upper trunk counterclockwise rotation and shoulder horizontal adduction may play a key role in producing the rapid elbow extension.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%