A three-dimensional printed cell for rapid, low-volume spectroelectrochemistry

Abstract

We have utilized 3D printing technology to create an inexpensive spectroelectrochemical cell insert that fits inside a standard cuvette and can be used with any transmission spectrometer. The cell positions the working, counter, and reference electrodes and has an interior volume of approximately 200 microliters while simultaneously providing a full 1 cm path length for spectroscopic measurements. This method reduces the time required to perform a potentiometric titration on a molecule compared with standard chemical titration methods and achieves complete electrolysis of protein samples within minutes. The device thus combines the best aspects of thin-layer cells and standard potentiometry.

A widely distributed diheme enzyme from Burkholderia that displays an atypically stable bis-Fe(IV) state

“…2c), the redox characteristics of the two heme centers can be fit to a model of two species with potentials of −121 and −165 mV vs. SHE, consistent with (though not identical to) what has been observed for MauG, when the protein is reduced with transitions occurring at −159 and −244 mV vs. SHE 6 . Parallel spectroelectrochemical titrations utilizing an optically transparent thin-layer electrode (OTTLE) 25 yielded similar BthA redox transitions of −100 and −220 mV (Supplementary Fig. 2).…”

“…Redox titrations were performed anaerobically with an optically transparent thin-layer electrochemical (OTTLE) cell. The OTTLE cell set-up utilized 3D printing to construct a cuvette spacer that allowed for small sample volume, as described by Brisdendine et al 25 . The spacer was printed by Stratasys using polyjet amber clear material.…”

Emission Spectroelectrochemistry: Cell Design and Setup

“…Over years, cells have been designed according to technologies available at that time and to the specific experimental conditions. This chapter lists the most used and the most effective solutions selected among the most promising [35][36][37][38].…”

3D printed UV/VIS detection systems constructed from transparent filaments and immobilised enzymes

“…In the chemical and biological sciences there is already a significant number of examples of published 3D printed devices [1][2][3][4][5][6], including reactionware [7][8][9][10] and microfluidic devices [11][12][13], together with accounts of spectroscopic applications [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. There are, however, several challenges that need to be addressed before 3D printed devices can be routinely constructed for spectrophotometric applications, particularly for FFF printers.…”