A three-dimensional photonic crystal operating at infrared wavelengths

Lin, Shawn‐Yu; Fleming, J. G.; Hetherington, Dale L.; Smith, Bradley K.; Biswas, Rana; Ho, K. M.; Sigalas, M. M.; Zubrzycki, W.; Kurtz, S. R.; Bur, James A.

doi:10.1038/28343

Cited by 1,055 publications

(647 citation statements)

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“…3a). [30] Following a related layer-by-layer procedure, Qi et al successfully fabricated a 3D cPBG structure containing defined point defects (Fig. 3c).…”

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Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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“…3a). [30] Following a related layer-by-layer procedure, Qi et al successfully fabricated a 3D cPBG structure containing defined point defects (Fig. 3c).…”

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confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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“…[1][2][3] A three-dimensional ͑3D͒ photonic crystal with a full band gap in the visible and infrared regimes provides the most stirring potential in application. Recently, the fabrication of 3D photonic crystals of micrometer size have been demonstrated 5,6 using a layer-by-layer growth scheme 7 that employs state-of-the-art microlithography techniques, however it still remains a difficult and challenging task. Another routine that is in rapid progress is the self-arrangement of colloid, related artificial opals, and inverse-opal techniques.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the scheme of layer-by-layer growth, [5][6][7] the crystal opens a large full band gap between the second and third photonic bands, a ground band gap. Although significant nonuniformities will occur in the growth process with current techniques for submicrometer-sized structures, the band gap is fairly robust to such nonuniformities according to recent numerical simulations.…”

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Fragility of photonic band gaps in inverse-opal photonic crystals

2000

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Inverse-opal techniques provide a promising routine of fabricating photonic crystals with a full band gap in the visible and infrared regimes. Numerical simulations of band structures of such systems by means of a supercell technique demonstrate that this band gap is extremely fragile to the nonuniformity in crystals. In the presence of disorder such as variations in the radii of air spheres and their positions, the band gap reduces significantly, and closes at a fluctuation magnitude as small as under 2% of the lattice constant. This imposes a severe requirement on the uniformity of the crystal lattice. The fragility can be attributed to the creation of this band gap at high-frequency bands ͑eight to nine bands͒ in inverse-opal crystals.In recent years the fabrication of photonic crystals has attracted extensive interest, 1-3 as such artificial periodic structures may bring about some peculiar physical phenomena such as inhibition of spontaneous emission and localization of electromagnetic waves. [2][3][4] In addition, they possess possible applications in wide scientific and technical areas such as filters, optical switches, cavities, waveguide, design of low-threshold lasers, and high-efficient light emitting diodes. [1][2][3] A three-dimensional ͑3D͒ photonic crystal with a full band gap in the visible and infrared regimes provides the most stirring potential in application. Recently, the fabrication of 3D photonic crystals of micrometer size have been demonstrated 5,6 using a layer-by-layer growth scheme 7 that employs state-of-the-art microlithography techniques, however it still remains a difficult and challenging task. Another routine that is in rapid progress is the self-arrangement of colloid, related artificial opals, and inverse-opal techniques. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Among them, the inverse-opal technique becomes an attractive candidate in the fabrication of optical photonic crystals. These crystals are composed of closepacked air spheres arranged in a face-centered-cubic ͑fcc͒ lattice embedded in a dielectric background. When the refractive index contrast is large enough, a full band gap opens at high-frequency bands. 14 Very recently, great progress has been made in this technique by several groups. [11][12][13] As the crystals are of micrometer and submicrometer sizes, various kinds of nonuniformity inevitably occur in the fabrication process. A typical inverse-opal crystal is prepared as follows. 11 First, one should have a template assembled from a self-organizing system, for instance monodisperse silica or polystyrene colloidal crystal. Then sintering is used to create necks between spheres. This intersphere interconnection allows the precipitation of a desired background dielectric into the voids of the template by means of chemical reaction. Finally, the inverse-opal crystal is obtained by removing the original template material by calcination. In practice, nonuniformities occur at every step of the fabrication. For instance, the radius of spheres might vary even for monodisperse systems, 12...

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“…Three-dimensional photonic crystals offer opportunities to probe interesting photonic states such as bandgaps [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] , Weyl points 9,10 , well-controlled dislocations and defects [11][12][13] . Combinations of morphologies and dielectric constants of materials can be used to achieve desired photonic states.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Single Gyroid Photonic Crystals with a Mid-Infrared Bandgap

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT:A gyroid structure is a distinct morphology that is triply periodic and consists of minimal isosurfaces containing no straight lines. We have designed and synthesized amorphous silicon (a-Si) mid-infrared gyroid photonic crystals that exhibit a complete bandgap in infrared spectroscopy measurements. Photonic crystals were synthesized by deposition of a-Si/Al2O3 coatings onto a sacrificial polymer scaffold defined by two-photon lithography. We observed a 100% reflectance at 7.5 µm for single gyroids with a unit cell size of 4.5 µm, in agreement with the photonic bandgap position predicted from full-wave electromagnetic simulations, whereas the observed reflection peak shifted to 8 µm for a 5.5 µm unit cell size. This approach represents a simulation-fabrication-characterization platform to realize three-dimensional gyroid photonic crystals with well-defined dimensions in real space and tailored properties in momentum space.

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A three-dimensional photonic crystal operating at infrared wavelengths

Cited by 1,055 publications

References 17 publications

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

Fragility of photonic band gaps in inverse-opal photonic crystals

Three-Dimensional Single Gyroid Photonic Crystals with a Mid-Infrared Bandgap

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